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SIS UK France ← Mk VII
British WWII spy radio set
Mk XV, or Mark 15, was a clandestine radio,
also known as a spy radio set, developed in 1943
by Section VIII of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, MI6)
at Whaddon Hall (UK). It was intended for use by agents and
resistance groups in occupied Europe.
The transmitter featured here, was used during WWII by
intelligence officer Alfonso Grisoni of the French resistance
group Jade-Amicol [4].
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A complete radio station comprises a receiver, a transmitter,
a power supply unit and (optionally) a power inverter,
each of which was housed in a separate enclosure, made of wood or metal. 1
The image on the right shows the transmitter, which is housed in a plywood
enclosure with a hinged lid and drilled ventilation holes 2 in the side panels.
It covers a frequency range from 3.5 to 16 MHz in three bands, and
produces an output power of 15 Watts. It has a fixed power cable with a
4-pin Jones plug at the end, that mates
with a socket on the power supply unit.
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Note that the transmitter has a single antenna socket and no
connection for the counterpoise. 3
The set was used by SIS agents in occupied Europe, and also by
resistance groups that worked for the SIS, such as the French
Jade-Amicol Network. Contrary to popular believe, it was not used
by the SOE — the SOE developed its own sets from 1942 onwards —
and was not developed around 1939, as claimed by Pierre Lorain in his
otherwise excellent book Secret Warfare
[2], but in 1943.
It is therefore not the first spy radio set of WWII,
although many publications suggest otherwise [6][12].
Nevertheless, it is an iconic agent and resistance radio, of which
very few have survived.
The Mk XV can be seen as one of the successors of the
Mk V (Paracette),
and was used in areas where medium power was required (15W), such as
Southern France and Norway.
It was more secure than the the second version of the
Mk V (Paracette) 4
– also known as the Agent Killer [6] – and the
Mk VII (Paraset), both of which had a receiver that
could be detected from miles away.
The Mk XV was later succeeded by the very similar Mk. 16. 5
Towards the end of the war, several Mk 16 units were supplied to a very secret
Danish stay-behind organisation,
that would be activated after the war in the
event of a Russian invasion. However, the Mk 16 was not suitable for the
Danish DC mains network
and was eventually replaced by the Danish Telefonbogen [1].
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There are plywood boxes and steel enclosures, and even combinations of
these two. The steel enclosures were made by a small local company in
Whaddon village, that produced cash boxes before the war [1].
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The transmitter featured here has drilled ventilation holes, whereas
some other surviving Mk XV units have slotted ventilation holes.
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The transmitter's ground is connected – via the PSU – to the
receiver. The counterpoise for the transmitter's antenna is therefore
shared with the counterpoise of the receiver.
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The first version of the Mk V had a receiver with a
separate RF pre-amplifier stage (1-V-1), but that was omitted in a
later version (0-V-1). The RF pre-amplifier was re-introduced in
the Mk XV.
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Note the use of Arabic numerals (16) instead of Roman numerals (XVI).
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A complete Mk XV station consists of a transmitter, a receiver
and a power supply unit (PSU). At present, we only have the
transmitter in our collection, which is shown in the image below.
In the ideal situation, it is connected to the original PSU, along
with the original receiver. Separate antenna wires should be
connected to transmitter and receiver, whilst a counterpoise wire is connected
to the receiver only. It is shared with the
transmitter through the 0V line of the PSU.
A suitable crystal should be installed in the XTAL socket at the left,
whilst the desired frequency range should be selected with the oscillator
range (MEGS OSC) and PA range (MEGS PA) knobs. Next, the 12-position
preselector for the desired range should be set to the number indicated
in the frequency table
that is fitted inside the case lid. Whilst holding
down the internal morse key, the OSC TUNE knob should be adjusted for 80% of
maximum light of the OSC INDICATOR.
Next, the PA TUNE knob should be adjusted for a minimum reading on
the PA TUNE/AE SELECT meter.
The Mk XV transmitter is now ready for use.
For testing purposes, the transmitter can also be powered by the PSU
of the earlier Mk VII (Paraset), as it has the same
pinout of the power socket. Note however that in that case
a suitable counterpoise must be connected to the PSU chassis.
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The transmitter is housed in a wooden enclosure that
measures 287 x 160 x 140 mm and weights 3.4 kg.
It is connected to the PSU by means of a
4-pin male Jones connector.
At present, the transmitter is the only unit of the Mk XV in our collection.
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The receiver is slightly smaller than the transmitter. It is also housed
in a wooden or metal enclosure and is connected to the PSU by means of a
6-pin male Jones connector.
At present, the receiver is missing from our collection.
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Receiver with built-in PSU
Mk XVR
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There is also a version of the receiver which has a built-in power supply unit
(PSU). An example of this, with serial number 8316, is shown in the image on
the right [16].
It was found with a pair of Trimm (USA) headphones and appears to be in
original condition. It has two fixed cables: one for connection to the AC
mains and one — with a 6-pin Jones plug at the end — for connection to the
(optional) 6V power inverter.
It allows the receiver to be powered from a 6V car battery.
The weight of this version is approx. 5 kg.
There is no connector for powering the transmitter. This means that a
separate PSU for the transmitter may have existed, or that the receiver
with built-in PSU (Mk XVR) was designed for stand-alone applications (i.e.
for reception only).
Many thanks to Belgian collector Pierre Destexhe for providing
images of this version [16].
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Depending on the version, the power supply unit (PSU) is housed in a metal
or wooden enclosure that measures 300 x 160 x 140 mm and weights
6.8 kg. It has a fixed cable for connection to the mains and two sockets for
connection of the transmitter and the
receiver respectively.
There were three different versions of the PSU, one of which
was a 6V power inverter.
At present, the PSU is missing from our collection.
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The Mk XV could also be powered from a 6V DC source, by using an
(optional) rotating power inverter. The device is housed in a metal enclosure
and features a Carter 417 XV rotary transformer.
At present, the power inverter is missing from our collection.
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The Mk XV transmitter is crystal operated. Without a crystal it can not be
used. A suitable crystal, with two 3 mm pins spaced at 19 mm, should be
installed in the socket marked XTAL.
The image on the right shows an original crystal that was found with the
transmitter. It was made before and during WWII in the USA. Other crystal
types are also known to have been used.
➤ More about crystals
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The transmitter was only suitable for continuous wave (CW) transmissions
in morse code (A1A). Although the transmitter has
a built-in morse key at the front right, it was also possible to connect an
external one, such as the Key No. 2 shown in the image on the right.
The key should be
connected to the socket marked EXT KEY
at the front edge. In practice, many operators brought their own key.
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For proper operation of the transmitter, a long wire should be used as an
antenna, along with a proper counterpoise (ground). The antenna wire shown
on the right, should be connected to the socket marked AE in
the upper right corner.
Note that the transmitter does not have a socket for connection of the
counterpoise. Instead, the counterpoise is shared (via the power cable)
with the receiver's counterpoise.
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It is a common misunderstanding that the Mk XV was developed in 1938 or 1939.
In reality it was released some time in 1943. The reason for this
misunderstanding is most probably the limited amount of information that was
available in the public domain in 1972, when Pierre Lorain wrote his
excellent book Secret Warfare [2]. He had heard from former SOE members
that the first radio set to be used in France was housed in a wooden
enclosure, so when he found an Mk XV receiver is a museum in Paris in the late
1960s, he probably assumed that he had found the right one [6].
Unfortunately, this is an historical mistake. We now know that the Mk XV was
developed in 1943.
A good summary of the development of the early SIS radio sets,
is given by Dave Gordon-Smith in Electric Radio Magazine of September 2018 [6].
In his article The Agent Killer, he demystifies the history of the
clandestine SIS sets, based on information that has recently become available.
➤ Read the article
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Alfonso Grisoni
27 August 1916 - 14 July 1989
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Intelligence officer of Jade-Amicol
The transmitter featured here was used during WWII by the French
resistance organisation Réseau Jade-Amicol (Jade-Amicol Network), which
developed in 1940 in the southwest of France and worked for the British
Secret Inteligence Service (SIS, MI6).
The name of the organisation was a contraction of JADE – a precious
stone – and the codenames of the British Captain Philippe Keun (AMI) and
Claude Arnould (COL), a.k.a. (Colonel) Claude Ollivier 1 –
the founder of the group [7].
Jade-Amicol had its northern headquarters at Le Couvent de la Ste Agonie,
a convent at 147 Rue de la Santé in Paris (France), 2 headed by
prior Mère Jean de la Croix. 3
Their activities mainly consisted of passing important intelligence information
to London, organising and coordinating the French resistance and
exfiltrating Jews and stranded RAF pilots via Bordeaux to Spain [7].
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On 1 January 1943, 26 year old Alfonso Grisoni joined the Jade-Amicol network.
He had been an aspirant Lieutenant with the French Artillery since the
outbreak of WWII, but was in dismay with his superiors about the decisions
of the military commanders to bend for the German agression, and retreat.
Together with several others he began resisting in August 1942 before being
integrated with the Jade-Amicol group [4].
Grisoni eventually became an intelligence officer under direct command of COL
(Claude Arnould, a.k.a. Colonel Ollivier); the leader of the group.
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At the end of August 1943, he was given an Mk XV spy radio set
and was sent on a long-term and dangerous mission into Vichy France —
the part of France that was placed under control of Marshal Philippe Pétain [10]
and collaborated with Nazi Germany [9]. His mission was to set up a local
cell of Jade-Amicol, collect political, economic and military information,
and pass it on to headquarters in Paris and to the SIS in London.
For more than a year he would live in Vichy under an assumed identity.
The mission commenced without interruption until 30 September 1944.
In October 1944, Colonel Ollivier
called Grisoni back to Paris
to carry out other missions, and for coordinating the cooperation with other
French Resistance networks. He remained in service until late August 1945,
a full year after the liberation of Paris and nearly four months after
the end of the war.
Alfonso Grisoni was classed as a P2 Agent 4 of the French intelligence
service BCRA. 5
After spending a decade in Africa, Grisoni returned to France
in 1959 to become Director of the office of the cabinet of the French
Ministry of Cultural Affairs, under André Malraux, during the presidency
of Charles de Gaulle. In the 1970s he was promoted to Deputy Director of
the French Museums and Historical Monuments, for which he held office at the
Louvre Museum in Paris.
Around the same time, from his house in Ajaccio (Corsica), he joined the
Corsican movement for policital autonomy, which caused him to lose his
influence at the French Ministry of Culture. He was transferred to the
French Insitute of International Relations and later to the National
Board of Veterans and War Victims (Anciens Combattants), where he
became one of the directors.
After his retirement from public office, he settled permanently in Ajaccio,
on the island of Corsica in the Mediteranian, where he became involved in
several local cultural associations, and was elected
President of the Corsican Veterans. After an interesting life, Alfonso Grisoni
passed away on 14 July 1989, exactly 200 years – to the day – after the start
of the French Revolution [15].
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Claude Arnould was officially a Lieutenant-Colonel with the cover name
Claude Ollivier and codename COL. He was known within the French resistance
as Colonel Ollivier [8].
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Also: 122 Rue de L'Èbre, Paris (France). The street and the
Convent were demolished in 1967/68.
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At the end of WWII, Mother Jean de la Croix (Henriette Frédé) received
the Distinguised Service Order (DSO) for her wartime resistance work.
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A P2 Agent is a full-time intelligence officer
of the French Resistance during WWII.
➤ More
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The BCRA is also known as Deuxième Bureau, SR, BCRAM, DGSS,
DGSE, DGER and SDECE.
➤ More
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Paris brûle-t-il?
Is Paris burning?
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The 1966 French-American film Paris brûle-t-il ? (Is paris burning?)
by René Clément gives a good impression of the work of the Jade-Amicol
network during the last days of the German occupation of Paris. The film
is an adaption of the book with the same title by Larry Collins and Dominique
Lapierre about the liberation of Paris, and is shot at a number of historical
locations.
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One of these locations is Le Couvent de la Ste Agonie at 147 Rue de la
Santé in Paris (France) — the original network's headquarters —
where Mère (mother) Jean de la Croix was the Prior during the war.
In one of the first scenes of the movie, the actual Jean de la Croix
(real name: Henriette Frédé) plays a cameo role as a nun reading the bible in the
patio [4].
➤ Wikipedia
➤ IMDb
After the war, she remained close friends with many of the former Jade-Amicol
P2 Agents, including Boniface Leonelli, 1 Jo Cervotti 2 and Alfonso Grisoni.
The image on the right shows Mère Jean de la Croix in 1953, signing the
marriage register at the wedding ceremony of Alfonso Grisoni and his wife.
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For five years after the war Boniface Leonelli was the head of the French
National Police.
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Jo Cervotti later became Commissaire Divisionnaire with the French Police.
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Below is the circuit diagram of the transmitter, based on the drawings
in Louis Meulstee's Wireless for the Warrior Volume 4 [1]
and in Erling Langemyr's article in Hallo Hallo of August 1990 [5],
although there are some differences between the two.
We believe [1] to be correct.
At the left is the crystal
oscillator built around a 6V6 or 6F6 valve (V1) It is driven
by a crystal (X1) and has its own tuned circuit that consists of L2, C6,
and C8. The oscillator starts by the virtue of a 5 pF capacitor (C3) that is
connected between the anode and the G1 of V1. Note that this capacitor consists
of two twisted wires. A tuning indicator (L3, La) is present to find the
optimum. Switch S2 has to be set to the desired frequency range or to the
frequency doubler option.
At the centre is the Power Amplifier (PA), which is built around
a 6L6 valve (V2). At the right are two large coils (L4, L5)
with multiple taps that form a tuned circuit with the variable capacitor C14.
The frequency table inside the case lid specifies the setting of S4 and
hence the selected tap. Only one of the coils L4/L5 is active, depending on the
frequency range selected with S3.
The transmitter is powered by 6.3V (LT) for the filaments of the valves
and a maximum of +450V DC (HT) for the anodes. In practice however, the
transmitter works well with a nominal HT voltage of +350V. There is no
power switch. As the morse key is connected in series with the cathodes of the
valves (rather than the anode of V1) it is safe to touch the
KEY terminals on the front panel.
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Below is the circuit diagram of the receiver, which is built around three
6SK7 valves. From left to right there is an RF amplifier (V1), a regenerative
detector stage (V2) and an AF amplifier (V3).
Compared to the earlier Mk V and the Mk VII,
the receiver of the MK XV is much safer, as the RF amplifier (V1) prevents most
of the oscillator signal from leaking to the antenna. Consequently, it was less
prone to detection by the German Direction Finding teams of the
SD, OrPo and Gestapo.
Note that the tuning capacitors C1a and C1b are adjusted in tandem, and that
C5 is used for fine tuning. Potentiometer R1 is used as the volume control,
whilst R8 is used to adjust the reaction level of the regenerative detector
stage (V2). The circuit is powered by 6.3V (LT) and +240V (HT).
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Below is the circuit diagram of the continental version of the (PSU), which
is based on the 5Z3 frectifier valve. At the left is the mains transformer
(TR1) that has several taps to allow any continental mains voltage between
110 and 250V AC to be used, selectable with switch S1.
The PSU provides three voltages: 6.3V AC (LT) for the filaments of the valves,
+240V DC (HT1) for the receiver (RX) and +450V DC (HT2) for the transmitter
(TX). Note that S2 is used to select between RX and TX. The LT
voltage is not switched, so that the filaments of all valves are heated as soon
as the PSU is plugged into the mains.
As a result, switching between RX and TX is instant.
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The transmitter is housed in a wooden enclosure that measures
290 x 140 x 120 mm. It has a paxolin (pertinax) 1 front panel that it bolted to
the wooden case with 10 recessed screws. After carefully removing these
screws, the entire transmitter can be lifted from the case. Note however,
that the power cable is short and might have become stiff and
brittle (and unsafe) over the years.
All controls are mounted to the paxolin front panel, whilst the electronic
parts are fitted onto a metal chassis that in turn is bolted to the front
panel. The image above shows the transmitter as seen from the rear top.
The two valves (6V6 and 6L6) are fitted in octal sockets. Most of the passive
components are fitted at the bottom side of the chassis, as shown in the
images below.
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Paxolin is a flame retardant synthetic resin bonded paper, a
composite material made of paper impregnated with a plasticized phenol
formaldehyde resin. Also known as Pertinax or FR-2.
➤ Wikipedia
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Receiver with built-in PSU
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The image on the right shows the interior of the Mk XVR receiver with
built-in PSU. The transformer, which is smaller than the one in the
separate PSU, is at the right along with an 6X5/GT rectifier valve.
The receiver is a so-called 1-V-1 design, built around three 6SK7 valves.
The RF pre-amplifier is at the far left. It prevents the oscillator signal
from leaking out onto the antenna, and makes the receiver less prone to
remote detection.
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When we obtained the Mk XV transmitter from a family estate in November 2021,
it's state was unknown. Although it might have been used after the war (for
example as part of an amateur radio station), it had
probably not been powered in the last 30 or 40 years. The rubber power cable
had become rigid and brittle, and an original crystal appeared to be stuck in
its socket.
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In addition, the wooden enclosure was dry and urgently needed proper treatment.
The device was removed from the wooden enclosure, so that its interior
could be inspected. In the meantime, the wooden enclosure was superficially
cleaned and treated with a linseed-based oil.
The white text on the paxolin front panel is screen-printed
rather than engraved, and is protected by a thin layer of shellac or varnish,
which is likely to have degraded after many years of storage.
This was also the case with our device, which had
many loose varnish chips.
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The problem was solved by using a medium-hard paint brush to wipe off the
loose chips of the varnish layer. When doing this, be careful not to damage
the white text though. There will also be parts of the front panel where
the varnish doesn't want to come off. If that is the case, it is best
to leave it in place.
After half an hour of careful brushing, the front
panel looked like new again.
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The original 3422 kHz crystal that was stuck in the xtal socket at the front
panel was carefully removed, after which all sockets were thoroughly cleaned.
The stiff power cable was replaced by a neoprene cable with the
same length and thickness, reusing the
original Jones power plug.
Inside the device, the internal morse key had a major crack. Although it was
still operational, it was better to repair it now, as otherwise it might
fall apart later. The screw at the upper corner was loosened
and the broken parts were glued back in place with a two-component adhesive.
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No further anomalies were found. All parts were still original and
there were no aftermarket modifications. When we were confident that there
were no short circuits on the power rails, the 6.3V LT voltage was connected.
After the valves had heated up, the LT current was ~ 1.5 A.
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Next, the HT voltage was applied, starting at +150V and then gradually
raising it to +350V, whilst intermittently operating the morse key at the front
panel. The internal components were carefully observed to ensure that nothing
overheated. At this point the HT current was 100 mA.
The oscillator tuning knob was set to the point where the indicator lamp
produces maximum light, and then reduced to approx. 80%. Next, the PA tuning
knob was turned to maximum output power, whilst observing the transmitted
signal on a nearby communications receiver.
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It appeared difficult to obtain a strong signal with the original 3422 kHz
crystal that was found with the set, as it is slightly outside the
specified range of the transmitter. The OSC tuning knob had to be set to its
maximum. But with a different crystal at 3585 kHz, it worked as expected.
After trying the device with various other crystals, we were satisfied that
it was fully operational more than 80 years after it was built, with
all of its original parts still intact.
Here is what we did:
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The LT and HT voltages for the transmitter are available on a Howard &
Jones 4-pin female socket at the front panel of the PSU. Below is the pinout
when looking into the socket. It is identical to that of the
Mk VII (Paraset).
A fixed rubber cable is used to connect the
transmitter to the PSU.
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- HT +360V
- not connected
- LT ~6.3V
- Ground (common)
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The LT and HT voltage for the receiver are available on a Howard &
Jones 6-pin female socket at the front panel of the PSU. Below is the
pinout when looking into the socket. A fixed rubber cable is used to
connect the receiver to the PSU.
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- HT +150V
- not connected
- LT ~6.3V
- Ground (common)
- not connected
- not connected
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The 6V6
is a beam-tetrode in a metal enclosure, developed in the mid-1930s
by RCA for use in the audio stages of broadcast receivers.
They are frequently found in single-ended or push-pull amplifiers,
and even in today's vintage/retro valve-based amplifiers. Apart from the
use in audio amplifiers, the 6V6 can also be found in the oscillator and
PA stages of short-wave transmitters.
In the Mk XV, the 6V6 is used in the oscillator.
➤ 6V6 datasheet
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The 6L6
is a beam-tetrode in a metal enclosure, developed in the mid-1930s
by RCA for use in (audio) amplifiers.
It is believed to be the first true
aligned-grid beam tetrode to have become available commercially in 1935.
During and after WWII, the 6L6 was a popular valve for the PA-stage
of a (clandestine) short wave transmitter.
In the Mk XV, it is used as a power amplifier (PA) and (on the highest
frequency bands) as a frequency doubler,
In this configuration it produces a maximum power output
of 10 - 15 Watts.
➤ 6L6 datasheet
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Device Clandestine radio set Purpose Agent and resistance communication Model Mk. XV (Mark 15) Year 1943 Design SIS (MI6), Section VIII, Whaddon Hall/Little Horwood Manufacturer SIS (MI6) Users SIS (MI6) ➤ more... Orig. owner Jade-Amicol (Alfonso Grisoni)
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Frequency 3.5 - 16 MHz Bands 3 (see below) Tuning Crystal-controlled Valves 2: 6V6, 6L6 Circuits Oscillator (6V6), PA (6L6) Modulation CW Output 15 W Power HT: 480V, 1 LT: 6.3V Dimensions 287 x 160 x 140 mm Weight 3.4 kg
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Type Regenerative Frequency 3 - 13 MHz Bands 1 valves 3: 6SK7 (3x) Circuits RF (6SK7), Detector (6SK7), AF (6SK7) Modulation AM R/T, CW Power HT: 240V, LT: 6.3V Dimensions 220 x 140 x 120 mm Weight 3.2 kg
5 kg (version with built-in PSU)
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Valves 1: 5T4, 6X5 or 5Z3 Mains 100, 110, 125, 150, 200, 225, 250V AC Dimensions 300 x 160 x 140 mm Weight 6.8 kg Versions (1) Pulser version in wooden box with 5T4 rectifier
(2) Continental mains version in metal box with 6X5 rectifier
(3) GBP Mk XV power inverter for 6V, with Carter 417 XV Dynamotor
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Frequency bands
transmitter
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- 3.5 - 5.2 MHz
- 5 - 8 MHz 2
- 8- 16 MHz 2
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In practice, an HT voltage of +350V is sufficient for testing the transmitter.
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In ranges (2) and (3) the PA acts as a frequency doubler.
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The following users of the Mk XV are currently known:
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- SIS (MI6)
- French resistance
- Norwegian resistance
- Danish stay-behind
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6387 Sold at an auction on 16 May 2020
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Receiver with built-in PSU
Mk XVR
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8316 Private collector, Belgium
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The following items are currently missing from our collection:
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- Mk XV receiver
- Mk XV power supply unit
- Mk XV power inverter
- Handbook
- Morse key
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- Attestation by Lieutenant Le Bar
Testimonial by Lieutenant Le Bars (post-war liquidator of the Jade-Amicol network)
to confirm that Mr. Alfonso Grisioni had worked during the war for Jade-Amicol,
under direct orders from Lieutenant-Colonel Arnould (COL). Undated.
- Attentation by Forces Françaises Combattantes (FFC)
Official document confirming that Mr. Alfonso Grisoni (born 27 August 1916)
was in service as an intelligence officer from 1 January 1943 to 30 September 1944.
No. 65410. Paris, 8 February 1949. Confirmed 11 March 1954.
- Proposition pour l'attribution de la Croix de la Guerre
Nomination for the Croix de la Guerre, signed by Colonel Ollivier (Claude Arnould).
Paris, 15 January 1946.
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- Louis Meulstee, Wireless for the Warrior, volume 4
ISBN 0952063-36-0, September 2004
- Pierre Lorain, Secret Warfare
ISBN 0-85613-586-0. 1972. p. 44.
- Ben Nock (G4BXD), An original Wadden MkXV Transmitter in wood case
Visited 2 November 2021
- Alain Grisoni, Personal correspondence
October - November 2021.
- Erling Langemyr (LA3BI),
Hallo Hallo, Volume 6, Nr. 3/90, August 1990. pp. 11-13
- Dave Gordon-Smith (G3UUR), The Agent Killer, A Spy Set with a Bit of a Reputation
Electric Radio Magazine #352, September 2018. Updated 15 November 2021. pp. 2-15.
Reproduced with kind permission of Electric Radio Magazine.
- Wikipedia, Réseau Jade-Amicol
Visited 6 November 2021.
➤ English version
- Wikipedia, Claude Arnould
Visited 8 November 2021.
➤ English version
- Wikipedia, Vichy France
Visited 8 November 2021.
- Wikipedia, Philippe Pétain
Visited 8 November 2021.
- Couvent des soeurs de la Sainte-Agonie durant de Seconde Guerre mondiale (WWII)
Convent of the Sisters of Saint Agonie during the Second World War.
- Geoffrey Pidgeon, The Secret Wireless War
ISBN 978-09560515-2-3. August 2008.[Heading]
- Brian Harrison (KN4R), Personal correspondence
September 2018.
- Thomas Höppe (DJ5RE), Personal correspondence
November 2021.
- Wikipedia, Fête nationale française
Visited 18 November 2021.
➤ English version
- Pierre Destexhe, Personal correspondence
November 2023.
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© Crypto Museum. Last changed: Thursday, 18 July 2024 - 11:24 CET.
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![Example of an Mk XVR receiver (S/N 8316) from the collection of Pierre Destexhe [16]](img/mk15r_8316.jpg)
![Alfonso Grisoni (left) in 1939, at the military school of Poitiers, before becoming aspirant Lieutenant with the French Artillery [4]](img/ag_1939.jpg)
![Mère Jean de La Croix (Sister Henriette Frédé) signing the marriage register of former P2 Agent Alfonso Grisoni [4]](img/hf_1953.jpg)
![Alfonso Grisoni (left) in 1939, at the military school of Poitiers, before becoming aspirant Lieutenant with the French Artillery [4]](img/ag_1939_thumb.jpg "image # ag_1939.jpg")
![Claude Arnould (codename COL), a.k.a. Colonel (Claude) Ollivier, the founder of Jade-Amicol. Photograph via Wikipedia [8].](img/col_thumb.jpg "image # col.jpg"){kind=small}
![Mère Jean de La Croix (Sister Henriette Frédé) signing the marriage register of former P2 Agent Alfonso Grisoni [4]](img/hf_1953_thumb.jpg "image # hf_1953.jpg"){kind=small}
![Claude Arnould (codename COL), a.k.a. Colonel (Claude) Ollivier, the founder of Jade-Amicol. Photograph via Wikipedia [8].](img/col.jpg)
