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Dialed number recorder
2816x was a digital dialed number
recorder (DNR) 1
for old analogue public switched telephone networks (PSTN) 2
with pulse 3 or touch-tone 4
dialling systems,
developed in the mid-1980s by RACOM in Cleveland (Ohio, USA).
The device was suitable for monitoring up to 6 lines, 5 and recorded the
dialed number, the time of origin and the duration of the call onto a paper
ticket.
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The 2816-series was developed especially for the law enforcement and
intelligence community and was sold world-wide. Apart from registering the
incoming and outgoing telephone numbers and the duration of the call,
it can also control an external recorder for registering the
content of the call. To avoid missing a conversation when the tape
runs out, two recorders may be chained.
The device shown here was probably owned or used by RACOM Inc.
sales representative
John M. Dukovich, 6 as some of his business cards were found inside the
case, along with original letters exhanged in 1996 between RACOM and the purchase
department of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
[1].
UNIDO ordered 40 units (2816A) on behalf of the drug task force of the
Federal Police of Sao Paulo (Brazil), for a total delivery price of
US$ 148,950.00.
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Also known as a Dialed Digit Printer.
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In this context, better described as
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).
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Dialling by means of a series of short interruptions of the line.
Also known as Rotary Dialling.
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Also known as Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency signalling (DTMF).
Touch-Tone is a trademark of AT&T.
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Just one line on the 2816P featured here.
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Mr. Dukovich passed away on 10 January 2014 [6].
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The diagram below shows the control panel of the 2816P, which is housed in
a purpose-made unobtrusive leather briefcase with several hidden compartments.
After opening the top lid by releasing the two number locks at the top,
the large metal control panel becomes visible. It is divided in three sections:
a 16-button keypad at the front, a printer at the rear left, and a large
display at the right. The latter section also holds the mode selector
and the telephone line input.
The device is powered by the 110V AC mains 1 for which a power cord is
stowed behind a hidden flap at the rear side. Behind that flap are also the
batteries that retain the data of the (optional) buffer memory,
and an RS-232 DE9 cable for connection to the serial port of a PC.
The 2816P shown above, is suitable for one telephone line only,
which should be connected to the standard modular RJ12 socket at
the top right.
The device provides a printed record of the following:
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- Print each telephone number dialled (up to 32 digits)
- Date and time of outgoing call
- Elapsed time of outgoing call
- Dialling type (pulse or touch-tone)
- Time the phone rang before being answered
- Date and time of incoming call
- Elapsed time of incoming call
- Control status of an (optional) cassette recorder
- Incoming telephone number, when Calling Number Delivery (CND) is available 2
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The device shown here is not suitable for direct connection to the
220V/240V AC mains networks in Europe, although it is possible to install
a 1:2 transformer in between. A 240V AC power supply unit was available
from RACOM as an option (5).
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Calling Number Delivery (CND), also known as Calling Line Identification
(CLI) is a telephone service that transmits the caller's telephone number
to the called party's telephone when the call is being set up. It is subject
to availability on a given network, and may not be compatible with other
netwoks.
➤ Wikipedia
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The following versions of the 2816 are currently known:
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2816 Multi-line (6) Dialed Digit Printer 2816 A Rackmount version of the 2816 2816 C ? 2816 D Desktop version of the 2816 2816 P Single-line portable version in leather covert briefcase LP2816D Dual-Tone extender DS2816D Dial-Up Extender
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The following options were available
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A ? B ? C 16KB CMOS SRAM buffer for data N ? 2 ? 2C ? 2L ? 3 ? 4 Data output on RS232 serial port 5 230V AC mains power supply (instead of 120V AC) 6 ? SP3 Two levels of password protection
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- Cable RJ12-RJ12 for connection to telephone line
- Cable 2 x 3mm jack for audio connection to cassette recorder
- Cable 2 x 2mm jack for control of audio cassette recorder
- Manual 2816A [A]
- Manual 2816P [B]
- Quick reference chart [C]
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Operating the 2816 is relatively straightforward and requires only modest
user intervention. After switching it ON, it is immediately ready for use,
unless the SP3 option is installed, in which case one of the two
passwords must be entered first. The default master password
is given below.
Press any of the buttons 1 — 6 to activate or deactivate each of the 6 lines
that are monitored. On the 2816P only one line is available. The image above
shows the
display of the 2816P,
of which line 1 is active. At the top left
is the status of the RS232 serial port (when present). At the bottom left
is the current date (here set to 2 June 2018) and the current time. If the
internal clock battery is exhausted, the clock should be adjusted before using
the device, using the setup command FE.
When switching the device ON, the current date and time will be printed
on the ticket printer, followed by a heading. Any changes to the status of
the telephone lines under surveillance, will now be printed below the heading.
Again, if the time and date are wildly out of range, or show something like
E9/C3/92 51:B8:35, the internal clock battery is exhausted and
must be replaced.
Depending on the type of the mutation, the printed data can take any of the forms
listed in the examples above. For outgoing calls, the dialled number is printed
at the top left, with the signalling type printed at the far right:
T = touch-tone, P = Pulse, M = mixed (i.e. both types).
For incoming calls, the number of the calling party will be displayed first –
after the word 'From' – when Calling Number Delivery (CND) is available. The
next line shows how long the phone has been ringing before the call was answered,
the date and time of the call, and the duration of the call. At the far right is
the line number and the recording indicator: R = recording, O = off.
If the call was not answered, the same information is printed, but the duration is
omitted.
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Some devices are equiped with user-configurable lock codes or
passwords, which provides two levels of security. The first
password gives access to all functions of the device – including audio
monitoring and recording – whilst the second one only allows dialled
numbers to be printed.
This option adds the following commands:
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FB Lock the unit nnnnn C Unlock the unit (n = digit)
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The following default lock codes are installed at the factory
and can be changed by the user:
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12345 C Full access 45678 C Number printing only
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To change the password, issue the following sequence:
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12345 C Enable the system with the master password (lock code one) 0 Enter system display FD Enter system setup 4 Alter unlock code nnnnn Enter five numerical digits (use 'A' and 'B' to move the cursor) E Press 'E' to confirm (enter) or 'C' to cancel 7 Save settings
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The interior of the 2816A and 2816D can be accessed by removing the screws
along the left side of the hinged front panel, and swinging it open like a
door. The 2816P is housed inside a leather briefcase and all parts, with
exception of the ticket printer, are mounted to the large front panel.
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At the left is a standard EPSON M260 ticket printer
that prints to
3" wide paper rolls [D]. As it is an impact printer (not a termal one) it needs
a black ink ribbon, which is installed as a cassette. The printer is mounted
in a custom-made metal sub-frame that is fitted in a compartment at the left
side of the case, and is connected to one of the PCBs by means of a wide flat
ribbon cable.
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The second board in the stack
is the interface for the 2 x 40 character LCD
display and the EPSON M260 ticket printer. It has two DIP-switches for its
configuration. Note that in this version of the 2816, both the line interface
and the display/printer interface boards are only partly populated.
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The third board in the stack is the actual
central processing unit (CPU),
which is built around a ZILOG Z80 microprocessor. Apart from the Z80 processor,
the board holds peripheral interfaces, the firmware (in EPROM) and an
MK48T02 clock chip
with built-in lithium battery [F].
This chip has a built-in CMOS SRAM
device that holds the configuration of the processor, but it should be
noted that the Lithium cell is defunct by now.
As a result it will be necessary to enter the date and time everytime
the unit is switched on. This is also the case for the 2816P described here.
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Although it is possible to use the device without the backup battery, it
is possible to repair an exhausted clock chip, by carefully removing the
piggy-backed battery and replacing it with a small PCB with a modern
replacable lithium button cell. Descriptions can be found on internet [7].
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At the edge of the PCB – shown in the image on the right –
are several DIP-switches plus a 16-position
rotary switch, all of which are used for configuration of the hardware.
Like the switches and adjustments on the other PCBs, they can be
accessed from the right side of the unit, without removing any of the
boards from their slots.
The label on the EPROM tells us which version of the firmware is used.
It reads (barely readable): G28V30.SP3 Buffer-2816P Dual lock code.
The 'dual lock code' refers to the installed SP3 option that provides
two levels of password protection.
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'Buffer' refers to the presence of the
4th PCB which holds
an extra 16KB CMOS SRAM device that can be used as a buffer for the
RS-232 port. Although this board is not described in the technical
manual [A], it is only partly populated and holds a
KM681000 static RAM chip
plus some buffers and address decoders [E].
'2816P' indicates that the firmware expects only one
line interface.
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The basic 2816A has a built-in real-time clock (RTC) with CMOS static RAM memory (SRAM)
to hold the current configuration of the processor (CPU). The settings in this memory are
retained by two lithium battery cells are are mounted on top of the chip.
Although CMOS SRAM consumes very little power, these lithium batteries will be fully
depleted after more than 20 years.
Although the 2816P can be used without these cells, it might be a good idea to replace them,
if only to prevent damage caused by leaking battery cells. There are several possible
solutions that are well described on various internet sites, such as on the
GlitchWrks website [7].
The (optional) buffer board that is fitted in the 28916P described here, holds a 16KB
CMOS SRAM device that also needs a battery backup to retain its contents. As this buffer
was used to store events that have not yet been processed by a connected computer,
it is important that the buffer contents remain intact when the device is turned off,
so that the buffer can be dumped to the PC later. The batteries for this memory –
two large 1.5V D-type battery cells – are
located below the printer
and can be accessed from the cable compartment, behind a flap at the rear of the case.
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The portable 2816P is housed in a luxury leather briefcase with two number
locks that – according to an enclosed certificate – are manufactured by the
Italian desiner Giovanni Castiglioni.
According to an imprint in the leather at the inside of the lid, the case
was supplied by Leathertech Inc (the Phone Case) and was made with
genuine leather from Spain.
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Racom Products Inc.,
is a manufacturer of telecommunication systems and related technologies,
based in Cleveland Ohio. The company is active in the following fields:
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- Sound & Communication Products
- Telephone Products
- Medical Telemetry Products
- Two-way Radio Products
- Law Enforcement Products
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The image on the right shows a similar device, made in the early 1980s
by Radio Trevisan in Italy: the RT-2000. It offers the same facilities as
the RACOM 2816, but is completely housed inside the enclosure of an UHER 4400
Report Monitor open-reel recorder. It is suitable for monitoring up to
four lines simultaneously.
User communication is via a 14-digit red LED display and a miniature
ticket printer, both mounted at the front left of the device.
➤ More information
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Exterior Portable leather briefcase Dimensions 18 × 14 × 5 inches Weight 16 lbs. Mains 120V AC/60Hz, 90W (or: 230V AC/50Hz, 90W) 1 Lines 1 (6 lines on the 2816A and 2816D) Memory 15 calls (waiting to be printed) Data output Serial RS232 with (optional) 750 call buffer Temperature 0° — 60°C Display 32 character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
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When option 5 is installed
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CLI
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Calling Line Identification
Telephone service that transmits the caller's telephone number to the called
party's telephone equipment when the call is being set up. It is subject
to the implemented method, protocol and availability on a given network.
➤ Wikipedia
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CND
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Calling Number Delivery
Method for Calling Line Identification (CLI) introduced by Bellcore.
Predominantly used in the US and compatible with the RACOM 2816
(if the CND option is fitted).
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DNR
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Dialed Number Recorder
A device that registers or records a dialled telephone number, such as the
2816 featured on this page. Most DNRs are implemented in software today.
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DTMF
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Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency
In-band telecommunication signalling system using the voice-frequency band
over telephone lines between telephone equipment (and other communications
devices) and switching centers. First developed in the Bell System (USA)
and widely known under the AT&T registered trademark Touch-Tone.
➤ Wikipedia
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POTS
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Plain Old Telephone Service
Retronym for voice-grade telephone service employing analogue signal
transmission over copper wiring. Also known as Plain Ordinary Telephone Service.
➤ Wikipedia
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PSTN
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Public Switched Telephone System
General name for the global circuit-switched telephone networks for public
telecommunications. Over the years, PSTN has evolved from the anlogue to the
digital domain, but is often used to describe the old analogue telephone
network (which is actually wrong: POTS would better describe that).
➤ Wikipedia
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- UNIDO 1 , Letter from OIC Purchase Unit to Drew Miller (Racom)
Invitation from Brazil Police and request for price quotation.
5 June 1996. Sent by fax.
- RACOM, Price quotation for UNIDO, OIC Purchase Unit
Original document (No. 00644) with two carbon copies (CC).
5 June 1996. Valid until 31 July 1996.
- RACOM, letter from Drew Miller to Mr. Alli (OIC Purchase Unit, UNIDO)
7 June 1996.
- UNIDO, Letter from M.H. Alli to Drew Miller (Racom)
10 June 1996. Send by fax.
- RACOM, Letter from Drew Miller to Mr. Alli (OIC Purchase Unit, UNIDO)
Original signed document with copy of price quotation [2].
11 June 1996. Sent by fax.
- Akron.com, Death Notices
Retrieved June 2018.
- GlitchWrks, Module for rebuilding the 48T02 RTC/NVRAM
1 August 2017. Retreived July 2018.
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UNIDO = United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
OIC = Officer In Charge.
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© Crypto Museum. Created: Sunday 01 July 2018. Last changed: Saturday, 15 June 2019 - 10:36 CET.
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