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Rotor Germany Enigma Family tree →
This page gives a complete overview of all known Enigma wirings, plus
instructions on how to measure it.
The wiring of the early printing Enigma machines
is currently unknown. In the tables below, the wiring is given for each
cipher rotor, the entry disc (ETW) and the reflector (UKW). In the column
Notch the position is given of the turnover notch on the circumference
of the rotor, whilst the column Turnover shows which letter (or number)
is visible in the window at that point.
Inside each rotor are 26 wires that connect the contacts at one side to the
contacts at other side, in a scrambled order.
The wiring of the rotors is defined as a translation of the input (right)
to the output (left). In other words: all wiring is given as seen from the entry disc (ETW),
as illustrated in the diagram above. The letter 'A' (or the number 01)
corresponds to contact 1, etc. Note that the Ringstellung (ring setting) has
to be set to the letter 'A' (or '01') before tracing the wiring.
The ring that shows the current position of the rotor, is knows as the
index ring.
Please note that the rotors of the Service Enigma machine (Enigma I)
have numbers (01-26) on the index ring. The rotors of the other machines
(commercial Enigma, Naval Enigma, Abwehr Enigma) have letters (A-Z) on the
index ring. These are functionally identical.
In the wiring tables below, we are showing the letter-index.
If necessary, use the table above for conversion.
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Eintrittswalze (ETW)
entry disc
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When measuring the entry disc (ETW), note that
the first contact (A) is not at the top, but the one just in front of
it. Also note that, when setting the cipher rotors, the letter that is
visible through the window in the lid, is the one just in front of the one
at the top.
Important —
Please note that the wiring of the entry disc (ETW) is
specified as the order in which the keys from the keyboard are wired to the
ETW. In other words: if the ETW wiring is 'QWERTZ...' this means that
key 'Q' from the keyboard is wired to the first contact of the ETW ('A').
This is different from the the way in which the wiring of the rotors
is specified, which is defined as a transposition from the contacts on the
right side to the contacts on the left side.
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Umkehrwalze (UKW)
refector
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When measuring the reflector (UKW), note that
the first contact (A) is not at the top, but the one in front of
it. Also note that, when setting the cipher rotors, the letter that is
visible through the window in the lid, is the one just in front of the one
at the top. The image below shows the layout of the reflector (Umkehrwalze, UKW)
as seen from the machine's right.
When measuring the wiring of the UKW of commercial Enigma K or
Zählwerk Enigma A28, ensure that the ring setting is a 'A' and
use the white dot at the right side of the rotor as the reference point.
From there, the contacts run clockwise in the other of the alphabet
(ABC...).
If there is no white dot, such as with Zählwerk Enigma G31,
ensure that the ring setting is at 'A' and
place the UKW in the machine in such a way,
that the letter 'A' is visible through the window in the lid. Then start
measuring from the contact that is just in front of the contact at the top.
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Measuring the rotor wiring
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When measuring the wiring of a cipher rotor, you must ensure
that the Ringstellung is at A (01).
The reference input contact at the right side of the rotor (i.e. A or 01),
is right at the top when the rotor is held as shown in the image below,
with the Roman number above the centre hole.
On some rotors this position is marked with a white dot
above the Roman number. When the ring setting is a A (01), this position
should line up with the A (01) at the other side
of the rotor.
The drawings above show the sides of a regular cipher rotor, of which the
Ringstellung (ring setting) is set to the letter A (01). The right side
(with the spring-loaded pins) is the input. The other side (with the
flat-faced contacts) is the output.
Also note that the position at which the turnover notch is sensed,
is 8 positions further on the rotor, counted from the window.
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Contents of this page
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Enigma A was the first in the series of Glühlampenchiffriermaschinen
(glow lamp cipher machines), introduced in 1924. It has fixed (non-removable) rotors.
No surviving examples have been found so far, and the wiring of the machine and its
rotors is currently unknown.
➤ More about Enigma A
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Enigma B
is a very early glow lamp-based Enigma machine. It is the successor to the
Enigma A
and pre-dates the Enigma C
and Enigma D.
It was introduced in late 1924 and was available in several variants,
including one with 28 letters, instead of the more common 26. It was
the first in the series of Glühlampenchiffriermaschinen (glow lamp
cipher machines) that had removable rotors (allowing their order to
be changed) and a settable ring on each rotor (Ringstellung).
Note that, confusingly, the serial numbers of the early Enigma machines
all start with the letter 'A'.
➤ More about Enigma B
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A-133 was a special variant of the Enigma B,
that was delivered to the Swedish SGS on 6 April 1925
[13]. It has 28 letters on the keyboard and on the lamp panel.
Likewise, it has 28 contacts at either side of each rotor, rather than the more
common 26. This shows that it was a 'special'.
Note that rotor (I) has letters on the ring, whilst rotors (II) and (III) have
numbers. To make the table more uniform, we have translated the numbers into
letters, using the following scheme:
The extra letters are Å, Ä and Ö, which are frequently used in the Swedish
language.
Furthermore the letter 'W' is missing. It is not used in written Swedish language,
except for names, loan words, foreign words, etc. When a 'W' was needed,
it was replaced by 'V' or 'VV' (double-V).
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZÅÄÖ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZÅÄÖ
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I
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PSBGÖXQJDHOÄUCFRTEZVÅINLYMKA
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G
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Ä
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1
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II 1
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CHNSYÖADMOTRZXBÄIGÅEKQUPFLVJ
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G
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Ä
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1
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III 1
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ÅVQIAÄXRJBÖZSPCFYUNTHDOMEKGL
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G
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Ä
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1
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UKW
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LDGBÄNCPSKJAVFZHXUIÅRMQÖOTEY
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-
This rotor has numbers (01-28) rather than letters (A-Ö).
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Commercial Enigma A26
Enigma D should be seen as the main commercial
machine [6].
It was introduced in 1926 and was the basis for most of the later
machines, including Enigma K, Enigma I
and Zählwerk Enigma. The initial wiring of all commercial
machines was identical.
Although the wiring of the rotors was changed by some customers,
they often left the wiring of the UKW intact. As far as we know, the
wiring of the ETW was never changed.
Below is the standard commercial wiring:
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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I
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LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
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G
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Y
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1
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II
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SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
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M
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E
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1
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III
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CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
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V
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N
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1
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UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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Note that on the rotors of the Enigma D, the ring with the stepping notch
is attached to the rotor body, which means that its position isn't altered
when the ring setting is changed. On all later machines, the ring with the
notch is attached to the letter ring (i.e. the index ring).
➤ More about Enigma D
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German Army and Air Force (Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe)
The Enigma I was the main Enigma machine used by the
German Army and Air Force. The military machines were the only ones
with a plug board.
Below is the wiring for each rotor, the ETW and all three known
UKWs. UKW-A was used before WWII [1]. UKW-B was the standard
reflector during the war and UKW-C was only used in the later part of
the war. The wiring of the five rotors (I-V) is identical to the wiring of the
first 5 rotors of Naval Enigma M3
and Naval Enigma M4.
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
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M
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E
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1
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III
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BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
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H
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Z
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1
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UKW-A
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EJMZALYXVBWFCRQUONTSPIKHGD
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UKW-B
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YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT
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UKW-C
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FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL
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Postwar usage
In 1945, immediately after WWII, some captured
Enigma-I machines were
used by the the former Norwegian Police Security Service:
Overvaakingspolitiet.
They modified the rotor wiring
and the wiring of the UKW.
The wiring of the ETW and the position
of the turnover notches on the rotors was left unaltered.
These machines are dubbed
Norway Enigma or Norenigma, as suggested by Frode Weierud
in 2001 in order to discriminate between the standard and the modified
wiring [2].
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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WTOKASUYVRBXJHQCPZEFMDINLG
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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GJLPUBSWEMCTQVHXAOFZDRKYNI
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M
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E
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1
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III
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JWFMHNBPUSDYTIXVZGRQLAOEKC
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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FGZJMVXEPBWSHQTLIUDYKCNRAO
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R
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J
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1
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V
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HEJXQOTZBVFDASCILWPGYNMURK
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H
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Z
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1
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UKW
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MOWJYPUXNDSRAIBFVLKZGQCHET
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Sondermaschine (special machine)
In the late 1980s, a strange Enigma machine was dicovered
in the house of a former intelligence officer, who used to work
for a special unit. Basically, this machine was a standard
Enigma-I, of which the wiring of the rotors and the UKW had been
changed. For this reason, the machine and the rotors were were
marked with the letter 'S', which probably means Sondermaschine
(special machine) or Sonderschaltung (special wiring).
The wooden case is marked A1807S, whilst the
machine itself is labelled 17401S/jla/43. The UKW is engraved with
A19872S. Unfortunately, the three rotors were missing.
The machine was re-discovered in 2017 by Günter Hütter [9].
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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VEOSIRZUJDQCKGWYPNXAFLTHMB
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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UEMOATQLSHPKCYFWJZBGVXIDNR
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M
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E
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1
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III
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TZHXMBSIPNURJFDKEQVCWGLAOY
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D
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V
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1
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UKW
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CIAGSNDRBYTPZFULVHEKOQXWJM
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At the end of WWII, an Enigma with serial number A17245 S was confiscated
by a TICOM team and transferred to the NSA. It's UKW has the same
wiring as that of the A17401 S mentioned above. This suggests that the
machines were used on the same network. This allowed us to complete the
table above, with the rotor wiring details of the A17245 S [10][11].
The following 'S' machines are known:
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1807 S Günter Hütter, Austria (case only) 17245 S NSA (obtained via TICOM) 17401 S Günter Hütter, Austria 19872 S Günter Hütter, Austria (UKW only)
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German Navy (Kriegsmarine)
Enigma M1, M2 and M3
were used by the German Navy (Kriegsmarine).
As these three models are functionally identical, they are usually
referred to as M3.
They are compatible with Enigma I but have letters on the
rotors rather than numbers.
The wiring of Enigma M3 is given in the table below.
Rotors I to V are identical to those of the Enigma I.
The same is true for UKW B and C.
The three additional rotors (VI, VII and VIII) were
used exclusively by the Kriegsmarine.
The machine is also compatible with Enigma M4
(when the 4th rotor of the M4 is set to position 'A').
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
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M
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E
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1
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III
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BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
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H
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Z
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1
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VI
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JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VII
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NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VIII
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FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV
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HU
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ZM
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2
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UKW-B
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YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT
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UKW-C
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FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL
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U-boat Enigma
Enigma M4 was a further development of the
M3 and was used by the U-boat division
of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) and aboard battleships. 1
It was introduced unexpectedly on 2 February 1942.
Below is the wiring for each rotor, the ETW and all known
UKWs. UKW-B was the standard reflector throughout the war and
UKW-C was only temporarily used during the war.
The wiring of the first 5 rotors (I-V) is identical to the wiring of the
5 rotors of Enigma I, that was used by the Wehrmacht
and Luftwaffe. This allowed secure communication between
the armed forces.
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
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M
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E
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1
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III
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BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
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H
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Z
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1
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VI
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JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VII
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NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VIII
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FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV
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HU
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ZM
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2
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Beta
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LEYJVCNIXWPBQMDRTAKZGFUHOS
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Gamma
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FSOKANUERHMBTIYCWLQPZXVGJD
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UKW-B
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ENKQAUYWJICOPBLMDXZVFTHRGS
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UKW-C
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RDOBJNTKVEHMLFCWZAXGYIPSUQ
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|
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The three extra rotors (VI, VII and VIII) have two notches each,
which causes a more frequent turnover of the rotors, but also introduces
another weakness (more about the Rotor turnover).
➤ More about Enigma M4
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Production of the Enigma M3 was stopped when the Enigma M4 was
introduced. The M4 was therefore also supplied to other divisions of the
German Navy, but in that case it was always used in M3 compatible mode
(i.e. with the 4th rotor set to 'A').
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Zählwerk Enigma A28 and G31
Zählwerk Enigma A28 was the first machine with a cog-wheel
driven stepping mechanism. It is the predecessor of Enigma G.
As Zählwerk Enigma was built as a commercial machine, the initial wiring
was identical to the wiring of Enigma D and Enigma K.
This is also the case for the later Enigma G31, although some of them
– in particular the ones used by the Abwehr – were rewired.
Although Enigma A28 and G31 were built as commercials machines,
they were sold to (foreign) military customers, such as the Hungarian Army, the
Dutch Navy and the German intelligence service, the Abwehr.
Although the wiring of the rotors was sometimes altered, the wiring of the
UKW was commonly left intact. Below is the default wiring of
Enigma A28 and Enigma G31.
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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I
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LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
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ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
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SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
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17
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II
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SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
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ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
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STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
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15
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III
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CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
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CEFIMNPSUVZ
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UWXAEFHKMNR
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11
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UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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Hungarian Enigma G31
The G-111 was a special version of the
Enigma G
(G31 model Ch.15b) [5] that was built for the Hungarian Army.
It was supplied with five cipher rotors.
The table below shows the wiring of the rotors of the
G-111, the ETW and the UKW.
Only rotors I, II and V were
found with this machine.
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Rotor
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
|
#
|
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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*1
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|
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I
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WLRHBQUNDKJCZSEXOTMAGYFPVI
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ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
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SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
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17
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II
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TFJQAZWMHLCUIXRDYGOEVBNSKP
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ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
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STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
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15
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III
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?
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?
|
?
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11
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IV
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?
|
?
|
?
|
?
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V
|
QTPIXWVDFRMUSLJOHCANEZKYBG
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AEHNPUY
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SWZFHMQ
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7
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UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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*2
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From the above table we learn that the number and positions of the
notches of rotors I and II are identical to those on the same
rotors of other Zählwerk machines (17 and 15 respectively).
This suggests that the notches of the G-machines were never changed.
For a maximum period, the number of notches should be
relative primes (coprimes) and should not share a common factor with 26.
The most likely number of notches for the unknown rotor IV would therefore be 9.
➤ More about Enigma G-111
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-
This machine contains the standard wiring of the ETW for a commercial
machine (the order of the alphabet).
-
The UKW is also wired as in a commercial machine.
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Wiring of the G-228
Green
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G227 and G228 are two machines that were used on the Grün (Green)
network of the Abwehr. The rotors (I-III) were
wired on 10 July 1943 according to the drawings Ch.15 Tz 125a-c, created in 1939.
The UKW is wired according to Ch.15 Tz 115 of 14 July 1936.
in 2015, the G228 was unexpectedly offered for sale from an anonymous seller
in Argentina, and was subsequently acquired by a private collector in the USA.
The wiring below was taken from this machine [17].
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
JDZLYKXVOUCMRAGTSBIWQHPENF
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
II
|
SKQXFDVNGMUETJBRZLAHYWIODP
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
III
|
GRMKJBSAIXHWDQUYOEZVPNLFCT
|
CEFIMNPSUVZ
|
UWXAEFHKMNR
|
11
|
UKW
|
RULQMZJSYGOCETKWDAHNBXPVIF
|
1
|
|
|
|
-
Note that in this machine the UKW has been rewired.
|
Abwehr Enigma G31
In March 1945, just before the end of WWII, the Argentine police arrested the
German spy Johann Siegfried Becker. In his posession was an Enigma model G31
with serial number G-260. Two months later, they handed the machine over to the
Americans [4].
As Becker was believed to work for the
German intelligence service, the Abwehr,
it is likely that the G-260 was wired for Abwehr
traffic. The machine is now on public display at the NCM
in Fort Meade (Maryland, USA).
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
RCSPBLKQAUMHWYTIFZVGOJNEXD
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
II
|
WCMIBVPJXAROSGNDLZKEYHUFQT
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
III
|
FVDHZELSQMAXOKYIWPGCBUJTNR
|
CEFIMNPSUVZ
|
UWXAEFHKMNR
|
11
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Abwehr Enigma G31
The table below shows the wiring of the G-312. Although the machine is
believed to have been used by the German Abwehr, it is the only
one every found with this wiring [3].
Different wirings were used for different
sections of the Abwehr, and also for different radio nets. It is
possible, if not likely, that some machines were rewired a number of times
during their operational life.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
DMTWSILRUYQNKFEJCAZBPGXOHV
|
ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
|
17
|
II
|
HQZGPJTMOBLNCIFDYAWVEUSRKX
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
III
|
UQNTLSZFMREHDPXKIBVYGJCWOA
|
CEFIMNPSUVZ
|
UWXAEFHKMNR
|
11
|
UKW
|
RULQMZJSYGOCETKWDAHNBXPVIF
|
1
|
|
|
|
-
Note that in this machine the UKW has been rewired.
|
Drawing
|
Date
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Remark
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 69a
|
1931
|
I
|
LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
|
Commercial
|
Ch.15 Tz 69b
|
1931
|
II
|
SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
|
Commercial
|
Ch.15 Tz 69c
|
1931
|
III
|
CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
|
Commercial
|
Ch.15 Tz 70
|
1931
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
Commercial
|
Ch.15 Tz 115
|
1936-07-14
|
UKW
|
RULQMZJSYGOCETKWDAHNBXPVIF
|
Abwehr Green
|
Ch.15 Tz 121a
|
1938-11-14
|
I
|
?
|
I.G. Farben
|
Ch.15 Tz 121b
|
1938-11-14
|
II
|
?
|
I.G. Farben
|
Ch.15 Tz 121c
|
1938-11-14
|
III
|
?
|
I.G. Farben
|
Ch.15 Tz 122
|
1938-11-14
|
UKW
|
?
|
I.G. Farben
|
Ch.15 Tz 125a
|
1939
|
I
|
JDZLYKXVOUCMRAGTSBIWQHPENF
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 125b
|
1939
|
II
|
SKQXFDVNGMUETJBRZLAHYWIODP
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 125c
|
1939
|
III
|
GRMKJBSAIXHWDQUYOEZVPNLFCT
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 126
|
?
|
UKW
|
?
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 132
|
1940-03-14
|
UKW
|
?
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 136a
|
?
|
I
|
?
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 136b
|
?
|
II
|
?
|
|
Ch.15 Tz 136c
|
?
|
III
|
?
|
|
|
Commercial Enigma A27
The rotor wiring of the standard Enigma K was identical
to the wiring of Enigma D. This suggests that the
machine was initially intended for commercial customers. The standard
commercial wiring is given in the table below [7].
Enigma K is very similar to Enigma D, but
the turnover notch of each rotor is attached to the letter ring rather than
to the body of the rotor.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
II
|
SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
III
|
CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spanish and Italian wiring
|
|
|
Modified Enigma A27
Six different wiring schemes have been identified, that were used
in Enigma K machines that had a connection with Spain and or Italy.
They are labelled A-F. Wirings A, C, D and F were used in machines
that had been delivered to Spain.
Currently only wiring schemes D and F are known.
Below is an overview of the technical drawings (Tz) of these wirings
and their release dates [16].
|
Rotor
|
Drawing
|
Issued
|
Description
|
|
UKW
|
Ch 11 Tz 86
|
1927-07-27
|
Default wiring
|
IV, V
|
Ch 11 Tz 183c-d
|
1937-03-01
|
K209-K212 (E)
|
IV, V
|
?
|
?
|
A1226-A1229 (B)
|
|
Italian Naval Enigma K
Below is the wiring scheme for the Enigma K machines used
by the Spanish Naval Attaché (SNA) and by the Italian Navy.
Examples of machines with this wiring are A1252, K240 and K261 [16].
Note that the ETW and UKW have the default commercial wiring.
The rotors are wired according to wiring diagram Ch 11 Tz 173a-c,
issued on 9 September 1936.
The Italian Naval Enigma was supplied with 6 rotors, but so far
only the first three (I, II, III) have been recovered.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
CIAHFQUYBXNUWJLVGEMSZKPDTR
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
II
|
KEDXVBSQHNCZTRUFLOAYWIPMJG
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
III
|
NUJPHWFMGDOBAVZQTXECLKYSIR
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
UKW 1
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Spanish Naval Enigma K
Below is the wiring scheme (F) for the Enigma K machines used
in Spain.
Examples of machines with this wiring are A1241, A1242, K205 and K289 [16].
Note that the ETW and UKW have the default commercial wiring.
The rotors are wired according to wiring diagram Ch 11 Tz 174a-c.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
HFOTWPDURMCGXKLQEIVZAKBNAY
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
II
|
MUHTASIPJYNCVKLOXFDZEGQBWR
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
III
|
DKWOJVUNGLFTZCSYIBEARHXQPM
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
UKW 1
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Swiss Enigma K variant
This was the Swiss variant of the Enigma K.
All Enigma K machines were delivered by the Germans with the standard
commercial rotor wiring, also known from the Enigma D
(see the table above).
Immediately after reception, however, the Swiss changed the wiring of
all cipher rotors [7].
Although the Swiss altered the wiring of the cipher rotors (I, II and III),
the wiring of the UKW was left unchanged. This is true for all
three users of the Enigma K: the Swiss Army, the Air Force and the Foreign
Ministry (diplomatic service).
In the table below, the only known wiring of the rotors of the Swiss Air Force
are given. The wiring of the other services are currently unknown.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
PEZUOHXSCVFMTBGLRINQJWAYDK
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
II
|
ZOUESYDKFWPCIQXHMVBLGNJRAT
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
III
|
EHRVXGAOBQUSIMZFLYNWKTPDJC
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Enigma K with UKW-D
The Enigma KD was a standard commercial
Enigma K machine with a rewirable
reflector (UKW-D).
Below is the wiring of the first three rotors (I, II and III) of the Enigma KD
that was found in the archives of the FRA in Sweden [8]. This wiring might be
identical to the first three rotors of the Enigma KD used by Mil Amt during
WWII, but this is currently uncertain.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
VEZIOJCXKYDUNTWAPLQGBHSFMR
|
ACGIMPTVY
|
SUYAEHLNQ
|
9
|
II
|
HGRBSJZETDLVPMQYCXAOKINFUW
|
ACGIMPTVY
|
SUYAEHLNQ
|
9
|
III
|
NWLHXGRBYOJSAZDVTPKFQMEUIC
|
ACGIMPTVY
|
SUYAEHLNQ
|
9
|
UKW 1
|
KOTVPNLMJIAGHFBEWYXCZDQSRU
|
|
|
|
|
-
Note that due to the nature of the (rewirable) UKW it does not have a
fixed wiring. The table above shows the wiring of the UKW when the machine
was (re)discovered at the FRA [2]. The actual wiring was probably changed
frequently.
Furthermore, the wiring as recorded by the FRA followed a different
notation, starting with the contact at the top. For convenience, it
has been converted to the official BP-notation.
-
During WWII,
Mil Amt changed the order of the rotors and the Ringstellung
daily, whilst the Grundstellung (and probably also the wiring of
UKW-D) was changed every three weeks [7].
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
I
|
JGDQOXUSCAMIFRVTPNEWKBLZYH
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
II
|
NTZPSFBOKMWRCJDIVLAEYUXHGQ
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
III
|
JVIUBHTCDYAKEQZPOSGXNRMWFL
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
UKW
|
QYHOGNECVPUZTFDJAXWMKISRBL
|
|
|
|
|
Note that the table above gives the original wiring of the rotors
of the Railway Enigma K, which is different from the
cryptanalytically recovered wiring by the codebreakers at
Bletchley Park (BP).
They are equivalent however, provided that appropriate adjustments are made
to the ring settings for a given daily key.
In the same vein, the turnover positions of rotors I and III were assumed to
be swapped as result of a misidentification by BP, rather than a physical
swapping of the alphabet rings by the Germans.
BP was aware of both differences, at least by 1944,
and knew which corrections were needed. Full details are given
by Philip Marks in Cryptologia of 2015/1 [14].
➤ More about Railway Enigma
|
Japanese Enigma (Tirpitz)
The Enigma T (Tirpitz) was a special version of the
Enigma K that was made for the Japanese Army during WWII.
The rotors were wired differently. Furthermore it came with 8 rotors
that had 5 turnover notches each [7].
The table below shows the wiring of the rotors,
the ETW and UKW.
|
Rotor
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
KZROUQHYAIGBLWVSTDXFPNMCJE
|
|
*1
|
|
I
|
KPTYUELOCVGRFQDANJMBSWHZXI
|
EHMSY
|
WZEKQ
|
5
|
II
|
UPHZLWEQMTDJXCAKSOIGVBYFNR
|
EHNTZ
|
WZFLR
|
5
|
III
|
QUDLYRFEKONVZAXWHMGPJBSICT
|
EHMSY
|
WZEKQ
|
5
|
IV
|
CIWTBKXNRESPFLYDAGVHQUOJZM
|
EHNTZ
|
WZFLR
|
5
|
V
|
UAXGISNJBVERDYLFZWTPCKOHMQ
|
GKNSZ
|
YCFKR
|
5
|
VI
|
XFUZGALVHCNYSEWQTDMRBKPIOJ
|
FMQUY
|
XEIMQ
|
5
|
VII
|
BJVFTXPLNAYOZIKWGDQERUCHSM
|
GKNSZ
|
YCFKR
|
5
|
VIII
|
YMTPNZHWKODAJXELUQVGCBISFR
|
FMQUY
|
XEIMQ
|
5
|
UKW
|
GEKPBTAUMOCNILJDXZYFHWVQSR
|
|
|
|
|
-
Note that this is the only machine with a different wiring for the
ETW. All other Enigma machines have an ETW that is wired either in
the order of the alphabet (ABCDEF...) or the order of the keyboard
(QWERZU...).
|
Numerical Enigma Z30
The Enigma Z
is different from all other Enigma machines, in that it
is made for the encryption of numerical messages (0-9) rather than
text-based messages (A-Z).
For this reason, each cipher rotor has only 10 contact points at
either side (rather than 26 or 28). Below is the wiring of the known
rotors, as recovered by Anders Wik and published in Cryptologia
in 2016 [12].
|
Rotor
|
1234567890
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
ETW
|
1234567890
|
|
|
|
I
|
6418270359
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
II
|
5841097632
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
III
|
3581620794
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
UKW
|
5079183642
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
|
The following people have contributed to the information on this page.
For detailed copyright information, please refer to the relevant page
for each Enigma machine mentioned above.
|
- Neils Faurholt
- David Hamer
- Philip Marks
- Tom Perera
- Paul Reuvers
|
- Marc Simons
- Geoff Sullivan
- Frode Weierud
- Anders Wik
- Gütter Hütter
|
- Philip Marks and Frode Weierud,
Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A
Cryptologia, January 2000, Volume XXIV, Number 1, pp. 55-66.
- David Hamer and Frode Weierud, Wiring of Norway Enigma
Personal correspondence, 2001.
- David Hamer, G-312: An Abwehr Enigma
Cryptologia, January 2000, Volume XXIV, Number 1.
- US Military Attaché in Argentine, Intelligence Report about G-260
US Navy Intelligence Division. 30 May 1945.
NARA CBKI 13, Box 5395, nr. 1574 1
- Paul Reuvers & Marc Simons. G-111: A rare Zählwerk Enigma variant
Detailed description of the Enigma G-111. August 2009.
- Paul Reuvers and Marc Simons, Wiring of Enigma A818
Wiring of the A818 verified in October 2011 as commercial wiring.
- David Hamer, Geoff Sullivan and Frode Weierud
Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines
Cryptologia, July 1998, Volume XXII, Number 3.
- Försvarets Radioanstalt (FRA), Sweden (National Defence Radio Establishment)
Enigma KD from private collection of FRA.
- Günter Hütter, Sondermaschine Enigma A17401 S/jla/43
Personal correspondence, November 2017.
- Frode Weierud, Information about S-machines and wheel wiring
Case: A1807S, UKW: A19872S.
Personal correspondence, November 2017.
- José Ramón Soler Fuensanta, Fransisco Javier López-Brea Espiau and Frode Weierud,
Spanish Enigma: A History of the Enigma in Spain
Cryptologia, 2010, Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 301-328.
- Anders Wik, Enigma Z30 retrieved
Cryptologia Volume 40, Issue 3, 2016.
- Anders Wik, The First Classical Enigmas,
Swedish Views on Enigma Development 1924-1930
HistoCrypt 2018, Proceedings. 18-20 June 2018, pp. 83-88.
- Philip Marks, Enigma Wiring Data: Interpreting Allied Conventions from WWII
Cryptologia Volume 39, 2015, Issue 1.
- Enigma: Actions Involved in de 'Double Stepping' of the Middle Rotor 1
David H. Hamer, January 1997.
Cryptologia, Volume XX, Number 1.
- Spanish Enigma: A History of the Enigma in Spain
José Ramón Soler Fuensanta, Francisco Javier López-Brea Espiau
and Frode Weierud.
Cryptologia, Volume 34, Issue 4, October 2010.
DOI: 10.1080/01611194.2010.485414
➤ Author's copy
- Glen Miranker, Wiring of G228
Personal correspondence, February 2019.
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Reproduced here by kind permission from the author.
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© Crypto Museum. Created: Thursday 24 September 2009. Last changed: Thursday, 24 October 2024 - 04:48 CET.
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