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← Enigma Family tree →
Important notice —
The information on this page is based on the classical understanding of
the Enigma model names, such as Enigma A, Enigma B, Enigma C, etc.
Recently discovered documents have shown however, that some of these
model names are incorrect. This affects in particular our view
on the printing Enigma machines (Schreibende Enigma) and the
early glow lamp-based machines.
For this reason, the information on our Enigma pages will gradually
be revised over the coming months.
— Crypto Museum — January 2019
This page gives a complete overview of all known Enigma wirings.
The wiring of the early printing Enigma machines
is currently unknown. In the tables below, the wiring is given for each
cipher wheel, the entry disc (ETW) and the reflector (UKW). In the column
Notch the position is given of the turnover notch on the circumference
of the wheel, whilst the column Turnover shows which letter (or number)
is visible in the window at that time.
Inside each wheel are 26 wires that connect the wires from the contacts
one side to the other side, in a scrambled order.
The wiring for the wheels is defined as a translation of the input (right)
to the output (left). In other words: all wiring is given as seen from the entry disc (ETW),
as illustrated in the diagram above. The A corresponds to contact 1, etc.
Note that the Ringstellung (ring setting) has to be set to the letter 'A'
or the number '01' before tracing the wiring.
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Please note that the wheels of the Service Enigma machines (Enigma I)
have numbers (01-26) rather than letters (A-Z) around their circumference.
As these are functionally identical (01=A, 02=B, etc.)
we have only used letters in the tables below. Use the table above for
conversion.
When measuring the wheels, note that the first contact (A) of
all discs is not at the top, but the one just in front of it,
as this is the position that is visible through the windows when the
lid of the machine is closed.
The contact at the top is 'B'. The diagram above
shows the correct order of the pins on the UKW, when looking at the UKW
from the right side of the machine (i.e. the side of the entry disc, or ETW).
In other words: all wheels are rotated counter clockwise by one position.
The drawings above show the sides of a regular cipher wheel. The right side
is the input. The first position on the wheel is not the
contact at the top, but the one just in front of it. Also note that the position
at which the carry-over notch is sensed, is 8 positions further on the wheel.
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Contents of this page
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Enigma A was the first in the series of Glühlampenchiffriermaschinen
(glow lamp cipher machines), introduced in 1924. No surviving examples have
so far been found, and the wiring is currently unknown.
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Enigma B
is a very early glow lamp-based Enigma machine, that is the successor to the
Enigma A
and pre-dates the Enigma C
and Enigma D.
It was introduced in late 1924 and was available in several variants,
including one with 28 letters, instead of the more common 26. It was
the first in the series of Glühlampenchiffriermaschinen (glow lamp
cipher machines) that had removable rotors (allowing their order to
be changed) and a settable ring on each wheel (Ringstellung).
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A-133 was a special variant of the Enigma B,
that was delivered to the Swedish SGS on 6 April 1925
[13]. It has 28 letters on the keyboard and on the lamp panel.
Likewise, it has 28 contacts at either side of each wheel, rather than the more
common 26. This shows that it was a 'special'.
Note that rotor (I) has letters on the ring, whilst rotors (II) and (III) have
numbers. To make the table more uniform, we have translated the numbers into
letters, using the following scheme:
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z Å Ä Ö
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The extra letters are Å, Ä and Ö, which are frequently used in the Swedish
language.
Furthermore the letter 'W' is missing. It is not used in written Swedish language,
except for names, loan words, foreign words, etc. When needed, the 'W' was
replaced by 'V' or 'VV' (double-V).
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZÅÄÖ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZÅÄÖ
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I
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PSBGÖXQJDHOÄUCFRTEZVÅINLYMKA
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G
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Ä
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1
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II 1
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CHNSYÖADMOTRZXBÄIGÅEKQUPFLVJ
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G
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Ä
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1
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III 1
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ÅVQIAÄXRJBÖZSPCFYUNTHDOMEKGL
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G
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Ä
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1
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UKW
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LDGBÄNCPSKJAVFZHXUIÅRMQÖOTEY
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-
This wheel has numbers (01-28) rather than letters (A-Ö).
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The wiring of the Enigma C and Funkschlüssel C is currently unknown.
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Commercial Enigma A26
The Enigma D can be considered as the main commercial
machine [6].
It was introduced in 1926 and was the basis for most of the later
machines, including the Enigma K,
the Enigma I
and the Zählwerk Enigma. The wiring was identical for all
commercial machines, including the later Enigma K (A27).
Although the wiring of the wheels was changed by some customers,
they often left the wiring of the UKW intact. As far as we know, the
wiring of the ETW was never changed.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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I
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LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
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G
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Y
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1
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II
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SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
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M
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E
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1
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III
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CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
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V
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N
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1
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UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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German Army and Air Force (Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe)
The Enigma I was the main Enigma machine used by the
German Army. The Army and Navy machines were the only ones with a
plug board.
Below is the wiring for each wheel, the ETW and all three known
UKWs. UKW-A was used before WWII [1]. UKW-B was the standard reflector
during the war and UKW-C was only used in the later part of the war.
The wiring of the five wheels is identical to the wiring of the
first 5 wheels of the Enigma M3 (Navy)
and the U-Boot Enigma M4.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
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M
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E
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1
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III
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BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
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H
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Z
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1
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UKW-A
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EJMZALYXVBWFCRQUONTSPIKHGD
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UKW-B
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YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT
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UKW-C
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FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL
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Postwar usage
In 1945, immediately after WWII, some captured
Enigma-I machines were
used by the the former Norwegian Police Security Service:
Overvaakingspolitiet.
They modified the wheel wiring
and the wiring of the Umkehrwalze (UKW, reflector).
The wiring of the Eintrittzwalze (ETW, entry wheel) and the position
of the turnover notches on the wheels were left unaltered.
A machine that is modified in this way, is commonly known as a
Norway Enigma or Norenigma as suggested by Frode Weierud
in 2001 in order to discriminate between the standard and the modified
wiring [2].
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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WTOKASUYVRBXJHQCPZEFMDINLG
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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GJLPUBSWEMCTQVHXAOFZDRKYNI
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M
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E
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1
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III
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JWFMHNBPUSDYTIXVZGRQLAOEKC
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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HEJXQOTZBVFDASCILWPGYNMURK
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H
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Z
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1
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UKW
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MOWJYPUXNDSRAIBFVLKZGQCHET
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Sondermaschine (special machine)
In the late 1980s, a strange Enigma machine was dicovered
in the house of a former intelligence officer, who used to work
for a special unit. Basically, this machine was a standard
Enigma-I, of which the wiring of the wheels and the UKW had been
changed. For this reason, the machine and the wheels were were
marked with the letter 'S', which probably means Sondermaschine
(special machine). The wooden case is marked A1807S, whilst the
machine is labelled 17401S/jla/43. The UKW is engraved with
A19872S.
The machine was re-discovered in 2017 by Günter Hütter [9].
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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VEOSIRZUJDQCKGWYPNXAFLTHMB
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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UEMOATQLSHPKCYFWJZBGVXINDR
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M
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E
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1
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III
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TZHXMBSIPNURJFDKEQVCWGLAOY
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D
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V
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1
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UKW
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CIAGSNDRBYTPZFULVHEKOQXWJM
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At the end of WWII, the Enigma with serial number A17245 S was confiscated
by a TICOM team and transferred to the NSA. It has the same wiring of the UKW
as the A17401 S mentioned above. As the wheel wiring of the
former is known, we were able to complete the table above [10].
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German Navy (Kriegsmarine)
The Enigma M1, M2 and M3 machines
were used by the German Navy (Kriegsmarine).
They are basically compatible with the Enigma I.
The wiring of the Enigma M3 is given in the table below.
Wheels I thru V are identical to those of the Enigma I.
The same is true for UKW B and C.
The three additional wheels (VI, VII and VIII) were
used exclusively by the Kriegsmarine.
The machine is also compatible with the Enigma M4
(when the 4th wheel of the M4 is set to position 'A').
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
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M
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E
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1
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III
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BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
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H
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Z
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1
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VI
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JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VII
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NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VIII
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FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV
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HU
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ZM
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2
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UKW-B
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YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT
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UKW-C
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FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL
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U-Boot Enigma
The Enigma M4 was a further development of the
M3 and was used exclusively by the U-boat division
of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine). It was introduced unexpectedly
on 2 February 1942.
Below is the wiring for each wheel, the ETW and all known
UKWs. UKW-B was the standard reflector throughout the war and UKW-C
was only temporarily used during the war.
The wiring of the first 5 wheels (I-V)is identical to the wiring of the
5 wheels of the Enigma I used by the Wehrmacht
and Luftwaffe. This allowed secure communication between
the departments.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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I
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EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ
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Y
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Q
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1
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II
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AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE
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M
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E
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1
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III
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BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO
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D
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V
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1
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IV
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ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB
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R
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J
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1
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V
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VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK
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H
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Z
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1
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VI
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JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VII
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NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT
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HU
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ZM
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2
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VIII
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FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV
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HU
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ZM
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2
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Beta
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LEYJVCNIXWPBQMDRTAKZGFUHOS
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Gamma
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FSOKANUERHMBTIYCWLQPZXVGJD
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UKW-B
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ENKQAUYWJICOPBLMDXZVFTHRGS
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UKW-C
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RDOBJNTKVEHMLFCWZAXGYIPSUQ
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The three extra wheels (VI, VII and VIII) have two notches each,
which causes a more frequent wheel turnover, but also introduces
another weakness (more about the Wheel turnover).
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Zählwerk Enigma A28 and G31
The Zählwerk Enigma was the first machine with a cog-wheel
driven stepping mechanism. It is the predecessor of the Enigma G.
As the Zählwerk Enigma was built as a commercial machine, the initial wiring
was identical to the wiring of the Enigma D.
The machine (and also the later G31)
was also sold to the military
(e.g. to the German secret service, the Abwehr)
and to some foreign customers.
Some of the latter changed the wiring of the cipher wheels, but in
most cases the wiring of the UKW was left unaltered.
Examples of individual Enigma G wiring are given below.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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I
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LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
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ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
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SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
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17
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II
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SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
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ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
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STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
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15
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III
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CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
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CEFIMNPSUVZ
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UWXAEFHKMNR
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11
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UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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G31 Abwehr Enigma
The table below shows the wiring of the G-312. Although the machine is
believed to have been used by the German Abwehr, it is the only
one every found with this wiring [3].
Different wirings were used for different
sections of the Abwehr, and also for different radio nets. It is also
possible that some machines were rewired a number of times
during their lifetime.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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I
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DMTWSILRUYQNKFEJCAZBPGXOHV
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ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
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SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
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17
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II
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HQZGPJTMOBLNCIFDYAWVEUSRKX
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ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
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STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
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15
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III
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UQNTLSZFMREHDPXKIBVYGJCWOA
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CEFIMNPSUVZ
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UWXAEFHKMNR
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11
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UKW
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RULQMZJSYGOCETKWDAHNBXPVIF
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G31 Abwehr Enigma
In March 1945, just before the end of WWII, the Argentine police arrested the
German spy Johann Siegfried Becker. In his posession was an Enigma model G31
with serial number G-260. Two months later, they handed the machine over to the
Americans [4].
As Becker was believed to work for the German Secret Service,
the Abwehr, it is most likely that the G-260 was wired for Abwehr
communication. The machine is now on public display at the NCM
in Fort Meade (Maryland, US).
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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|
|
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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|
|
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I
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RCSPBLKQAUMHWYTIFZVGOJNEXD
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ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
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SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
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17
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II
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WCMIBVPJXAROSGNDLZKEYHUFQT
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ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
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STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
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15
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III
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FVDHZELSQMAXOKYIWPGCBUJTNR
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CEFIMNPSUVZ
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UWXAEFHKMNR
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11
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UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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G31 Hungarian Enigma
The G-111 was a special version of the
Enigma G
(G31 model Ch.15b) [5] that was built for the Hungarian Army.
It was supplied with five cipher discs.
The table below shows the wiring of the wheels of the G-111,
the entry disc (Eintrittswalze, ETW) and the
reflector (Umkehrwalze, UKW).
Note that only wheels I, II and V were
found with this machine.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
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Turnover
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#
|
|
|
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ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
*1
|
|
|
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I
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WLRHBQUNDKJCZSEXOTMAGYFPVI
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ACDEHIJKMNOQSTWXY
|
SUVWZABCEFGIKLOPQ
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17
|
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II
|
TFJQAZWMHLCUIXRDYGOEVBNSKP
|
ABDGHIKLNOPSUVY
|
STVYZACDFGHKMNQ
|
15
|
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III
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
11
|
|
IV
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
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V
|
QTPIXWVDFRMUSLJOHCANEZKYBG
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AEHNPUY
|
SWZFHMQ
|
7
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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*2
|
|
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As we can learn from the above table, the number of notches as well as the
turnover positions of wheels I
and II are identical to those on the same wheels of other Zählwerk machines
(17 and 15 notches respectively). This suggests that the notches of the
G-machines were never changed.
|
-
This machine contains the standard wiring of the ETW for a commercial machine.
-
The UKW is also wired in the standard fashion for a commercial machine.
|
Commercial Enigma A27
The wiring of the wheels of the standard Enigma K was identical
to the wiring of the Enigma D. This suggests that the
machine was initially intended for commercial customers. The standard
commercial wiring is given in the table below [7].
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Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
LPGSZMHAEOQKVXRFYBUTNICJDW
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
|
II
|
SLVGBTFXJQOHEWIRZYAMKPCNDU
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
CJGDPSHKTURAWZXFMYNQOBVLIE
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
|
UKW
|
IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
|
|
|
|
|
Swiss Enigma K variant
This was the Swiss variant of the Enigma K.
All Enigma K machines were delivered by the Germans with the standard
commercial wheel wiring, also known from the Enigma D
(see the table below).
Immediately after reception, however, the Swiss changed the wiring of
all cipher wheels [7].
Although the Swiss altered the wiring of the cipher wheels (I, II and III),
the wiring of the UKW (reflector) was left unchanged. This is true for all
three users of the Enigma K: the Swiss Army, the Air Force and the Foreign
Ministry (diplomatic service).
In the table below, the only known wiring of the wheels of the Swiss Air Force
are given. The wiring of the other services are unknown to us.
|
|
Wheel
|
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
|
Notch
|
Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
|
ETW
|
QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
PEZUOHXSCVFMTBGLRINQJWAYDK
|
G
|
Y
|
1
|
|
II
|
ZOUESYDKFWPCIQXHMVBLGNJRAT
|
M
|
E
|
1
|
|
III
|
EHRVXGAOBQUSIMZFLYNWKTPDJC
|
V
|
N
|
1
|
|
UKW
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IMETCGFRAYSQBZXWLHKDVUPOJN
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Enigma K with UKW-D
The Enigma KD was a standard commercial
Enigma K machine with a rewirable
reflector (UKW-D).
Below is the wiring if the first three wheels (I, II and III) of the Enigma KD
that was found in the archives of the FRA in Sweden [8]. This wiring might be identical
to the first three wheels of the Enigma KD used by Mil Amt during WWII,
but this is currently uncertain.
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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I
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VEZIOJCXKYDUNTWAPLQGBHSFMR
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ACGIMPTVY
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SUYAEHLNQ
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9
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II
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HGRBSJZETDLVPMQYCXAOKINFUW
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ACGIMPTVY
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SUYAEHLNQ
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9
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III
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NWLHXGRBYOJSAZDVTPKFQMEUIC
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ACGIMPTVY
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SUYAEHLNQ
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9
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UKW
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NSUOMKLIHZFGEADVXWBYCPRQTJ
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*1
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-
Note that due to the nature of the (rewirable) UKW it does not have a
fixed wiring. The table above shows the wiring of the UKW when the machine
was discovered at the FRU. The actual wiring will have been changed
frequently when the machine was used in an operational context.
-
Mil Amt changed the order of the wheels and the Ringstellung
daily, whilst the Grundstellung (and probably also the wiring of
UKW-D) was changed every three weeks [7].
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Modified Enigma K
During WWII, the Germans used a special Enigma machine for
the German Railway (Reichsbahn).
It was basically a standard commercial Enigma K
with rewired wheels and a rewired reflector (UKW).
Furthermore, the position of the notches
of wheels I and III were swapped [7].
➤ More
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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ETW
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QWERTZUIOASDFGHJKPYXCVBNML
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|
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I
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JGDQOXUSCAMIFRVTPNEWKBLZYH
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V
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N
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1
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II
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NTZPSFBOKMWRCJDIVLAEYUXHGQ
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M
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E
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1
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III
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JVIUBHTCDYAKEQZPOSGXNRMWFL
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G
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Y
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1
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UKW
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QYHOGNECVPUZTFDJAXWMKISRBL
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Japanese Enigma (Tirpitz)
The Enigma T (Tirpitz) was a special version of the
Enigma K that was made for the Japanese Army during WWII.
The wheels were wired differently and each had five turnover notches [7].
The table below shows the wiring of the wheels,
the entry disc (ETW) and the reflector (UKW).
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Wheel
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
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Notch
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Turnover
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#
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|
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ETW
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KZROUQHYAIGBLWVSTDXFPNMCJE
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*1
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I
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KPTYUELOCVGRFQDANJMBSWHZXI
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EHMSY
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WZEKQ
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5
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II
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UPHZLWEQMTDJXCAKSOIGVBYFNR
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EHNTZ
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WZFLR
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5
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III
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QUDLYRFEKONVZAXWHMGPJBSICT
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EHMSY
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WZEKQ
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5
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IV
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CIWTBKXNRESPFLYDAGVHQUOJZM
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EHNTZ
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WZFLR
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5
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V
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UAXGISNJBVERDYLFZWTPCKOHMQ
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GKNSZ
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YCFKR
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5
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VI
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XFUZGALVHCNYSEWQTDMRBKPIOJ
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FMQUY
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XEIMQ
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5
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VII
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BJVFTXPLNAYOZIKWGDQERUCHSM
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GKNSZ
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YCFKR
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5
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VIII
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YMTPNZHWKODAJXELUQVGCBISFR
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FMQUY
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XEIMQ
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5
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UKW
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GEKPBTAUMOCNILJDXZYFHWVQSR
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|
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-
Note that this is the only machine with a different wiring for the
ETW. All other Enigma machines have an ETW that is wired either in
the order of the alphabet (ABCDEF...) or the order of the keyboard
(QWERZU...).
|
Numerical Enigma Z30
The Enigma Z
is different from all other Enigma machines, in that it
is made for the encryption of numerical messages (0-9) rather than
text-based messages (A-Z).
For this reason, each cipher wheel has only 10 contact points at
either side (rather than 26 or 28). Below is the wiring of the known
wheels, as it was recovered by Anders Wik and published in Cryptologia
in 2016 [12].
|
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Wheel
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1234567890
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Notch
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Turnover
|
#
|
|
|
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ETW
|
1234567890
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|
|
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I
|
6418270359
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2
|
9
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1
|
|
II
|
5841097632
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2
|
9
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1
|
|
III
|
3581620794
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
|
UKW
|
5079183642
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
|
|
ETW
|
|
Eintrittzwalze
Entry disc
|
|
UKW
|
|
Umkehrwalze
Reflector (literally: Reversing wheel)
|
|
The following people have contributed to the information on this page.
For detailed copyright information please refer to the relevant page
for each of the Enigma machines mentioned here.
|
- Neils Faurholt
- David Hamer
- Philip Marks
- Tom Perera
- Paul Reuvers
|
- Marc Simons
- Geoff Sullivan
- Frode Weierud
- Anders Wik
- Gütter Hütter
|
- Philip Marks and Frode Weierud,
Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A
Cryptologia, January 2000, Volume XXIV, Number 1, pp. 55-66.
- David Hamer and Frode Weierud, Wiring of Norway Enigma
Personal correspondence, 2001.
- David Hamer, G-312: An Abwehr Enigma
Cryptologia, January 2000, Volume XXIV, Number 1.
- US Military Attaché in Argentine, Intelligence Report about G-260
US Navy Intelligence Division. 30 May 1945.
NARA CBKI 13, Box 5395, nr. 1574 1
- Paul Reuvers & Marc Simons. G-111: A rare Zählwerk Enigma variant
Detailed description of the Enigma G-111. August 2009.
- Paul Reuvers and Marc Simons, Wiring of Enigma A818
Wiring of the A818 verified in October 2011 as commercial wiring.
- David Hamer, Geoff Sullivan and Frode Weierud
Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines
Cryptologia, July 1998, Volume XXII, Number 3.
- Försvarets Radioanstalt (FRA), Sweden (National Defence Radio Establishment)
Enigma KD from private collection of FRA.
- Günter Hütter, Sondermaschine Enigma A19872 S/jla/43
Personal correspondence, November 2017.
- Frode Weierud, Information about S-machines and wheel wiring
Personal correspondence, November 2017.
- José Ramón Soler Fuensanta, Fransisco Javier López-Brea Espiau and Frode Weierud,
Spanish Enigma: A History of the Enigma in Spain
Cryptologia, 2010, Volume 34, Number 4, pp. 301-328.
- Anders Wik, Enigma Z30 retrieved
Cryptologia Volume 40, Issue 3, 2016.
- Anders Wik, The First Classical Enigmas,
Swedish Views on Enigma Development 1924-1930
HistoCrypt 2018, Proceedings. 18-20 June 2018, pp. 83-88.
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© Crypto Museum. Created: Thursday 24 September 2009. Last changed: Wednesday, 30 September 2020 - 09:55 CET.
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