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Ascom Crypto AG Crypto Voice CRYPTOVOX →
The SE160 is a rugged radio set in a die-cast aluminium enclosure that
was very popular with fire brigades, safety personnel, security services
and special law enforcement units. In the latter case, strong digital
encryption was required.
The radio was available in a variety of colours, including grey, black,
red, yellow and orange. The standard version featured analogue speech.
Due to the open processor concept, it could easily
be adapted for a variety of existing and new networks,
including trunking networks like SpeedCom, Actionet, Regionet and
Traxys [2].
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The image above shows a typical SE-160 in a bright grey enclosure.
The version shown here was marketed by the German company
Bosch GmbH,
and features strong digital encryption provided by
Crypto AG (Hagelin).
It was used for many years by an undisclosed law enforcement agency in
the Netherlands.
The SE-160 was first introduced in 1992 and was in production until the
mid-2000s. 1
The price of a single crypto-enabled unit in 1997, was NLG 8475
(approx. EUR 3850).
The radio is compatible with the SE-660 mobile radio,
that could be fitted with the same voice encryption unit.
In 1996, the radio division of Ascom
was first taken over by Bosch
and then, in 1997, by Motorola
who shut the whole operation down after consolidating the trunking market.
It has meanwhile been confirmed that in most cases the encryption unit
was backdoored [5][6][7].
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According to Oppermann Telekom in Germany [3], the SE-160 was discontinued
in 2000, but from recovered invoices we know that they were ordered from the
factory until at least 2003 [4].
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The diagram below shows the layout of a typical SE-160 handheld radio
as seen from the top left. The version shown here is for the UHF band
(430-470 MHz) and is fitted with a ¼λ antenna. User interaction is
via the clear LCD screen and the 16-button rubber keypad at the front
of the radio.
The battery is attached at the bottom
and can be charged in-situ by placing the radio straight up in a
suitable desktop charger of which two variants were available:
a single one and a 6-slot one.
The radio is operated with the push-to-talk (PTT) switch at the left side,
and several additional buttons at the left and at the top of the radio.
The button at the top left is marked with a red dot and is used for sending
a distress signal (emergency). The button closest to the antenna is the
ON/OFF switch. The function of the other buttons is programmable.
With the radio shown here, the buttons I and II are programmed to duplicate
the volume up and down buttons of the keypad.
The display consists of three areas. At the top row is a fixed set of
10 icons, each of which indicates a specific condition. At the center
is a 9-character matrix display with a text line that usually
shows the number and/or name of the current channel.
The row at the bottom holds four black context-dependent squares that
indicate the function of the F-keys just below the display.
Depending on the model and software variant of the radio, different
letters may be shown here.
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- Receive
- Transmit
- Speaker on (tone squelch off)
- Call waiting
- Battery empty
- Scanning
- Encrypted
- Keypad locked
- Crypto default
- Shift (additional features)
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Note that, depending on the model and software variant, some features
may not be available. On the SE-160C version featured here, the ON/OFF
button also acts as the Shift-key. Pressing it briefly, engages or
disengages the shift-function. Pressing it longer switches the radio OFF.
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- SE-160 - Standard
This is the standard device with no additional features. It is
available in all frequency variants and can be programmed with the
IPP-160 software.
- SE-160T - Trunking
The T-version was made especially for use on trunking radio networks, such as
Actionet, SpeedCom, Regionet, Chekker and Traxys. The hardware is identical
to that of the standard version, but the firmware and the front panel are
different.
- SE-160X - Safety
The X-version is nearly identical to the standard and trunking models, but
is explosion-safe and has a maximum power output of 1 Watt. It is intended
for use in harsh and dangerous environments.
- SE-160C - Crypto
This is the crypto-version of the SE-160. It is different from the other
models, in that it has an Audio/Digital board with
integrated HC-3400 voice encryption module.
The dimensions of this version are identical however.
The data transfer rate is 9600 baud.
- SE-160E - Enlarged
An enlarged version was developed especially
for use by railway organisations, like the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB)
and its Austrian counterpart ÖBB. The device is much bigger than a
standard one and should be carried on the chest. The display is placed
at the top, rather than at the front.
➤ Description of the SE-160E (off-site)
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The SE-160 was available in the following frequency band variants:
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VHF-L 1 68 - 88 MHz VHF-H 138 - 174 MHz UHF 400 - 470 MHz
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In Motorola terminology
the VHF-L band is known as MIDBAND or VHF/M.
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For advanced and (digitally) controlled analogue radio networks,
a trunking version of the SE-160 was available, known as the SE-160T.
The hardware of the trunking version was identical to that of the
standard version of the SE-160, with the exception of the keypad
which is shown below.
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Due to a flexible and open processor concept, the radio could
easily be adapted for existing and new trunking networks, like
SpeedCom, Actionet, Regionet, Chekker and Traxys.
Extra features and protocols could be added by using
Ascom's proprietary macro-based programming language
that was available separately.
The image on the right shows the keypad of the SE-160T.
As most trunking networks were capable of patching standard
phone calls, the keypad resembles that of a standard telephone
set, with four additional buttons at the left.
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Generally speaking, trunking-capable radios can not be used for
direct communication without the presence of the underlying network.
This makes these radios less interesting for HAM radio and other use.
However, as the SE-160T is identical to the standard (analogue) version
of the radio, except for the firmware, it should be possible
to reload the radio with standard software and use it as a non-trunking
radio. Some radio HAMs seem to have succeeded in doing this.
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Speech encryption
SE-160C
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Some versions of the SE-160 feature digital voice encryption, also known as
Cryptovox® , which is supplied by
Crypto AG (Hagelin)
in Zug (Switzerland)
as an embedded chip, marked HC-34xx. It was marketed by Crypto AG as
Cryptovox SE-160
and was compatible with the SE-580
1 [2].
Compared to competing systems, the Swiss Cryptovox technology offers
superior audio quality.
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Note that the crypto unit is only present if the model number
of the radio has the letter 'C' at the end. Radios that are fitted with
the crypto unit are not larger or thicker than the non-crypto variant,
simply because the crypto-chip is part of the Digital/AF board
and can be omitted.
In the radio featured on this page, the crypto-chip carries the designator
HC-3452, which means that it is probably a special (customised) variant
of Crypto AG's proprietary HC-3400 encryption algorithm. This is usually
done to avoid crypto-compatibily between customers.
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Up to 3 x 8 cryptographic keys can be entered by means of
a KED-3400 key entry device.
Each key can be assigned to a specific radio channel, and
consists of three parts: a past key, a current key and a future key.
This allows automatic key selection when one of the parties switches
from a current to a future key.
When in secure mode (i.e. crypto-enabled), digital voice data is sent
at 9600 baud.
The HC-3400 crypto-logic is of the same generation
as Crypto AG's HC-3300 phone.
The SE-160C was the successor to the secure version of the
SE-20 handheld radio,
manufactured by Ascom's predecessor Autophon. Contrary to the SE-160
however, the SE-20 does not provide real voice encryption,
but instead features a variant of
Vericrypt;
a time-domain voice scrambler
made by Brown Boveri and Company (BBC).
This means that the SE-20 is inherently insecure.
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The SE-580
was Crypto AG's variant of the Nokia Mobira RD-58 portable radio,
which was used in many countries for the first generations of analogue
mobile phones and trunking radio networks.
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- Standard 600 mAh battery
- Extended capacity battery 1000 mAh
- Hand microphone
- Single desktop charger
- Single desktop charger (later model)
- 6-radio desktop charger
- Car mounting bracket
LT-160/600 Leather carrying case (standard) LT-160/1000 Leather carrying case (long, for extended battery) - Key loader for crypto-version
- Test box for service engineers
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Different rechargeable NiCd and NiMH batteries were available for the SE-160.
The initial one had a capacity of just 600 mAh, but this was later enhanced to
700 mAh. Later batteries were slightly longer and offered extended capacities
of 1000, 1200, 1400 or even 2700 mAh.
All battery types can be charged with the same desktop charger,
which may have to be modified in order to support the higher capacities.
A small internal SMD resistor
informs the charger of the battery's capacity.
Note that the longer batteries require a different
leather carrying case.
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Battery charger
LA-140/160
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Several battery chargers were available for the SE-160. Users had the choice
between a single desktop charger, such as the one shown in the image
below, or a large one that could charge 6 radios simultaneously.
All chargers were available in various colours including grey and black.
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The image on the right shows the standard LA-140/160 that was suitable
for charging a single SE-140 or SE-160 handheld radio. The charger has
four coloured LEDs at its sloped front panel, that show the status of
the current charge cycle and the condition of the battery. If the bottom
LED in ON, the battery has to be replaced.
Note that not all LA-140/160 chargers are suitable for all battery
types. Early versions are only capable of charging 700 and 1000 mAh
NiCd batteries and not the later ones with capacities of 1400 or 1700
mAh, or even more.
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At least two variants of the single charger were available, both of which
were suitable for the SE-160 and its smaller predecessor the SE-140. The one
shown above is the LA-140/160, but there was also the later LM-140/160,
shown below, which has a different discharge/charge program.
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The LM-140/160 is suitable for larger battery capacities up to 2700 mAh,
and can also handle the newer NiMH battery technology.
In addition, some of the earlier LA-140/160 chargers were modified by
the manufacturer, so that they could handle larger batteries and newer
technologies.
Both types of desktop chargers are suitable for thin batteries,
such as the standard ones used with the SE-140 radio,
and thicker ones, such as the expanded capacity battery for the SE-140
and the standard battery for the SE-160, by installing the
appropriate insert inside the bay.
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in case the battery doesn't fit, an
alternative insert is usually stored
at the bottom of the charger. It can easily be swapped.
Inside each battery is a small resistor of a specific value, that identifies
its capacity. By measuring this resistor,
via the contact pads at the rear
of the battery, the charger knows which battery is installed and can adapt
its charge/recondition program accordingly.
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Gang charger
LA-140/160S6R
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Multiple batteries or multiple handheld radios could also be charged
in the six-fold LA-140/160S6R shown in the image on the right.
The unit has a built-in mains power supply unit and can be
connected directly to the AC mains.
Four LEDs show the status of each individual battery, in the same
way as the single PSUs described above. Once the battery is fully charged,
the upper (green) LED should be lit. If the lowest LED (!) lights up
continuously, the battery is broken and should be replaced.
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Microphone/speaker
HM-160
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Depending on the frequency band in which the radio operates, either
a flexible whip antenna (UHF) or a rubber helical antenna (VHF) is used.
In the image on the right, the middle one is the flexible ¼λ
antenna that was supplied with the UHF version of the SE-160
that is featured on this page. The one at the left is similar, but
has a TNC base which was needed for certain variants.
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Car mounting bracket
EH-160
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It was possible to use the SE-160 as a mobile transceiver, by using
the EH-160 mounting bracket. This plastic bracket could be mounted
in a convenient place inside a vehicle, and was connected to the
12V DC power of the car's battery and to an external antenna.
Any peripherals, such as an external microphone/speaker, were
connected to the mounting bracket, rather than to the radio.
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A leather carrying case could be used for carrying the SE-160 around the
neck or attached to a belt. Two variants were available: a standard one,
and a slightly longer one that allowed the extended battery to be used.
No image available
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In situation where the SE-160 has to be used temporarily from inside
a car, this adapter allows the connection of an external antenna.
This cable is also used for test purposes, and allows the output power of
the radio to be measured accurately when alligning the radio.
An alternative to this cable is
the PAG-160 test box,
that has this functionality integrated with its test connector.
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When the cloning function of the SE-160 is enabled, this cloning cable
can be used to transfer the frequency tables and settings to another SE-160
unit.
In order to control this feature, it has to be enabled with the IPP-160
software, after which the user can access it in setup menu 3.
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Programming and loading of frequencies and cryptographic keys was done
with a regular DOS PC with the IPP-160 software (see below), in
combination with the special programming cable shown in the image below.
Without this special cable, programming of the SE-160 radio is not possible.
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One end of the programming cable is attached to the peripheral socket
of the SE-160, whilst the other end should be connected to the LPT
(parallel) printer port of an old MSDOS PC.
The large rectangular connector at the side of the computer contains
a complex circuit
with some customised components,
and can not be copied easily.
It is basically a small computer platform, with a Hitachi industrial
processor at its heart, that converts the parallel port of the PC into
a bidirectional IIC port, which is used for communication with the SE-160's
processor.
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Programming software
IPP-160
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Programming of the SE-160 is done with the special Interactive Parameter
Programming (IPP) software, IPP-160, running on an old MSDOS computer with
a parallel port. It does not run under Windows.
The software allows channels, frequencies, CTCSS, special tones,
cryptographic keys, etc. to be stored inside the SE-160.
In addition, the software features a so-called MACRO language,
in which the radio's behavior can be programmed freely.
This allows the radio to be adapted for virtually any application.
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Key Entry Device
KED-3400
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The crypto-enabled version of the SE-160, features the HC-3400
embedded crypto chip, developed around 1992 by Crypto AG (Hagelin) in Zug
(Switzerland). The HC-3400 provides professional digital
speech encryption with a 128-bit key and an excellent audio quality.
Crypto keys are generated and distributed by means of the KED-3400
Key Entry Device shown in the image on the right. It can also be used
to enter keys manually, using a 3-KEY strategy.
➤ More information
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Programming of the frequencies and features of the SE-160 radio
is fully under control of the Interactive Parameter Programming software
IPP-160, in combination with a special programming cable, of which one side
connects to the 6-pin accessory socket at the side of the SE-160, and the
other side to the parallel port of a standard DOS PC. The cable contains
an IIC interface.
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Especially for Ascom dealers and service centres, Ascom developed the
PAG-160 test box, shown in the image on the right. The box has a fixed
cable with an accessory plug at the end, that can be fitted directly
to the socket at the side.
At the other side of the box is a 9-pin sub-D socket to which the programming
cable can be connected. The programming cable should be connected to the
parallel port of an old DOS PC that runs the IPP-160 programming software.
Once installed between the PC and the radio, the software can be used
to program all features.
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The PAG-160 has several switches for direct control of some functions
of the SE-160, such as the squelch, the push-to-talk switch (PTT), the
microphone and the speaker. It has a small built-in speaker, and a socket
for a microphone at the rear. At the rear are also some test sockets.
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The interior of the SE-160 can be accessed easily by removing four torx
bolts from the corners of the rear panel
of the device. This allows both the
rear panel and the front panel to be removed. When doing so, be careful
not to damage the rubber gaskets that make the radio water resistant.
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After removing the rear panel, the HF board
is exposed. It holds various oscillators, a Power Amplifier module
and the actual transceiver which is housed in a shielded sub-assembly.
The front half of the radio contains the digital and audio parts as shown
in the image on the right. At the left is the
control board that is mounted
inside the front panel. It provides the I/O for the keypad, the LCD display,
the speaker and the microphone. It is connected to the rest of the radio
by means of a 7-wire flexible PCB, which carries audio and digital control
signals.
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Inside the actual body of the radio is the
digital board, which is by far
the most complex part. It has components on both sides and connects to the
rest of the radio via two pin-headers at the sides and can be removed by
releasing two screws and pulling the plastic strip at the bottom.
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The top side of the board
contains a Philips custom chip, and AMS codec
and the real-time clock (RTC). The large chip in the
bottom left corner
is the embedded crypto unit, which was manufactured by the Swiss
company Crypto AG.
It provides true digital voice encryption, based on Crypto AG's
HC-3400 embedded encryptor which can be adapted freely
to the customer's requirements. The exact details of the speech encryption
algorithm are currently unknown, but it is probably a
self-synchronising stream cipher, like an autoclave,
based on NLFSR 1 technology.
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The bottom side of the digital board
contains the actual microcontroller,
RAM, ROM, flash memory and several custom chips that were made especially
for Ascom Radiocom AG. All boards are built to the highest quality standards
of the early 1990s and contain first-class components.
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NLFSR = Nonlinear feedback shift register
➤ Wikipedia
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Generally speaking, Ascom radios last very long and will hardly ever need
repairing. Restoring a surviving device is therefore relatively simple,
but there are some potential problems, such as the batteries
which are likely to be exhausted after so many years,
and are likely to be beyond repair.
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Although it might be possible to find suitable aftermarket batteries on
the internet, the age and condition of such batteries is often unknown and
in most cases the seller gives no warranty.
If you have access to an old worn-out battery it may be worth spending some
time with it to see if it can be re-used. In most cases the plastic enclosure
of the battery is glued together or welded ultrasonically. In such cases it
is possible to open the enclosure by means of a small saw.
The image on the right shows an opened battery of which this NiCd cells
have been removed.
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Removing the contents of an old battery, and in particular the sticky gum
that keeps the batteries together, is a time consuming task, but it is doable.
When doing so, be careful not to damage the small green PCB that is located at
the bottom left. Once empty, the battery case can be used to accomodate fresh
new rechargeable cells, or a socket to allow connection to an external
source.
➤ Battery circuit diagram
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The model number is printed on a label at the back of the radio and always
starts with the model number: SE 160. The meaning of the remaining parts
is given in the diagram below, based on the model number of the radio that is
featured on this page. It is constructed as follows [3]:
Use the tables below to decode the actual digits found at the rear of the
radio. In our case, the radio covers the 430 to 470 MHz band (46)
with a channel spacing of 20/25 kHz (2).
It has an output power of 2.5 Watts (2) and features
build-in voice encryption (C). Details about the encryption variant
and the digital protocol (if any), are usually provided on a separate label.
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08 68-88 MHz 14 132-148 MHz 16 146-174 MHz 42 400-425 MHz 43 400-440 MHz 45 425-450 MHz 46 430-470 MHz 47 450-470 MHz
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1 12.5 kHz 2 20/25 kHz 3 25 kHz 5 50 kHz
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S Standard E SBB 1 with keyboard C Crypto D Digital T Trunking X Eplosion safe variant (EEX)
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CT Crypto Trunking DT Digital Trunking EC SBB 1 with keyboard and Crypto ET SBB 1 with keyboard and Trunking TX Trunking and EEx (147-156 MHz) 2 Seco Standard and low-grade Teco Trunking and low-grade TXeco Trunking and Ex and low-grade
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SBB = Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (Swiss Federal Railways).
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Sold in the Netherlands by PTT Telecom as the Efcyvox P400
(= SE160-431-1-TX).
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VBAS Battery voltage GND Ground ZDA IIC bus data (SDA) ZCL IIC bus clock (SCL) ZNF Audio (bi-directional), external ON/OFF RSF Status 1
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input: programming voltage for flash, output: voltage for mike
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Each rechargeable battery pack has four metal contacts at its rear
side. When the (radio with) battery is placed in the
desktop charger, these contacts are used to charge the
battery and to monitor it whilst it is being charged.
A PTC resistor inside the battery pack is sensed by the charger
to prevent the battery from overheating. The battery
connections are as follows:
The diagram below shows how the parts inside the battery pack are
connected. Inside the pack is a small SMD resistor that is used by the
charger to identify the battery type. In this case a 450Ω resistor
is present, indicating that the 7.5V/1400mAh AK160 S1400 R battery is used.
The PTC is a temperature-dependent resistor which is mounted close
to the actual battery cells. It is used to measure the battery temperature
when charging and allows the charger to turn itself OFF when the battery
is overheating. This is useful when trying to charge a broken
battery pack.
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AK160 S600R 600 mAh NiCd AK160 S700R 700 mAh NiCd AK160 S1000R 1000 mAh NiCd AK160 S1400R 1400 mAh NiCd R = 450Ω AK161R-12 1200 mAh NiCd AK161R-14 1400 mAh NiCd AK161R-21 2100 mAh NiMH AK161R-27 2700 mAh NiMH
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The SE-660, and in particular the crypto-enabled SE-660-C, was used
in the Netherlands by several special police departments and security
organisations, including the ones listed below. Note that some of
these organisations have meanwhile been renamed, merged or disssolved.
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KLPD
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Korps Landelijke Politiediensten
National Police Services.
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LRT
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Landelijk Recherche Team
National Police Investigation Team.
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NR
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Nationale Recherche
National Police Investigation Team.
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CRI
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Centrale Recherche Informatiedienst
Central Investigation Intelligence Service.
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KTR
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Kern Teams Recherche
Core Investigation Teams.
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DKDB
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Divisie Koninklijke en Diplomatieke Beveiliging
Division Protection Royal Family and Diplomatic Missions.
Part of the KLPD.
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DTOO
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Dienst Technische Operationele Ondersteuning
Technical Operationsl Support Service. Part of the KLPD.
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BSB
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Brigade Special Beveiligingsopdrachten
Special Protection Branch. Department of the Dutch Military Police
(Konklijke Marchaussee) taksed with the protection of VIPs.
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DNB
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De Nederlandse Bank
Dutch National Bank.
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NS
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Nederlandse Spoorwegen
Dutch National Railways.
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VNT
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VN-Tribunaal
United Nations Tribunal Court.
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On 24 October 2020, the Dutch investigative
VPRO radio program Argos
revealed that the Ascom SE-160 devices that had been sold to the Dutch
police in the early 1990s,
contained a so-called backdoor.
This means that the cryptographic algorithm – from
Crypto AG –
had been weakened in such a way, that the radio traffic became readable
to the US
National Security Agency (NSA) [5][6].
Until the late 1980s, special enforcement teams of
the Dutch police had used open
– unencrypted – radio channels for their communication,
which could be received by anyone with a scanner.
After a series of major incidents, such as the kidnapping of brewer
Freddy Heineken (1983), the kidnapping and death of top manager
Gerrit Jan Heijn (1987) and the kidnapping and death of Army Colonel
van der Kieft (1989), it was decided that special law
enforcement units should get radios with the best possible encryption.
In the latter case, the Colonel had been killed by a shot from the swat team,
which was later attributed to the lack of reliable and secret communication.
The SE-160 radios were not only used by the Dutch Police, but also by
special units of the Dutch Army (in foreign operations),
criminal investigations teams, VIP protection teams, the Dutch Bank,
the UN Tribunal and many other special services throughout The Netherlands.
Unknown to the Dutch Government however, the company that
supplied the encryption – the Swiss Crypto AG –
was secretly owned by the
German BND
and the American CIA as part of
Operation RUBICON [7].
Argos has now revealed that the situation led to a
conflict between the BND and the CIA – the BND didn't want to
provide insecure equipment to the Dutch – but that in the end the
Americans won the argument.
In the broadcast, former Crypto AG employee
Jürg Spöerndli, confirms
the supply of backdoored equipment
to the Netherlands.
➤ VPRO Argos broadcast of 24 October 2020 (in Dutch language)
➤ VPRO long-read with background information (in Dutch language)
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Ascom SE-160 ← actual manufacturer Bosch SE-160 Bosch HF1208 Cryptovox SE-160 Crypto AG, Hagelin - Autophon SE-160
- Motorola SE-160
Efcyvox P400 PTT Telecom (Netherlands)
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Any additional information about the SE-160, such as operator's manuals,
service manuals, circuit diagrams, etc. but also additional perhipherals
or parts that are not yet discribed on this page, are most welcome.
If you have any such items, please contact us.
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Frequency VHF-L, VHF-H or UHF (see above) Output 1 - 2.5 Watt Power 7.5 V DC Channels 100, synthesizer controlled (programmable via PC) Mode FM, PM
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SE-160 Service Manual - WANTED
Order number: 86999241019.
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- Anonymous, Bosch SE-160/MB-05 handheld radio with encryption - THANKS !
December 2016.
- Crypto AG, Company brochure, Crypto Products
1992. Page 3.
- Oppermann Telekom, Ascom SE160
Retrieved December 2016.
- Anonymous, Correspondence between the Dutch police and the Ascom distributor
Netherlands, various dates. Not for public release.
- Argos, 'Eten en gegeten worden' in het spiegelpaleis van de geheime diensten
VPRO Radio, 24 October 2020 (in Dutch language).
- Huub Jaspers et al., In het spiegelpaleis van de geheime diensten
24 October 2020 (in Dutch language).
- Crypto Museum, Operation RUBICON
February 2020.
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© Crypto Museum. Created: Sunday 04 December 2016. Last changed: Wednesday, 08 June 2022 - 06:40 CET.
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