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Naval Enigma
In 1927, the German Army adopted the Enigma machine.
After several experiments and improvements with a Steckerbrett
(plug board), they finally introduced the Enigma I
for operational use by the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe in 1932.
In 1934, the Kriegsmarine (Navy) followed with the introduction
of the M1 (Ch. 11g); a machine that was functionally compatible with the
Enigma I (Ch. 11f).
There were, however, some (minor) manufacturing differences.
For example, the wheels had letters on their circumfere rather than
numbers and the machines had a power socket that was suitable for use
on a ship.
About 611 M1 units were built and it was followed in 1938 by the M2,
of which 890 units were delevered. Finally, in 1940, it was replaced
by the M3, of which approx. 800 units were built.
All three machines, M1, M2 and M3 had the same internal designator
Ch. 11g. We will therefore use the name M3 to identify these three
machines.
Initially, the M3 was supplied with 5 cipher wheels that were
compatible with the wheels supplied with the Enigma I.
This way, all three departments of the German Army could exchange
messages.
Later, 3 more wheels were added (VI, VII and VIII), which were used
exclusively by the Kriegsmarine.
At the start of WWII, the U-Boot section of the Kriegsmarine
used the Enigma M3, until it was replaced by the 4-wheel
Enigma M4 in February 1942.
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It is sometimes thought that the name Enigma M3 refers to a 3-wheel
machine and that for the same reason M4 was used for the 4-wheel
model. This is, however, incorrect. It was just the name of the key
that was in use when the machine was issued. The range started with
M1 and ended with M4, the special U-Boot key.
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The wiring of the M3 is given in the table below. Wheels I thru V
are identical to those of the Enigma I. The same is true for
UKW B and C. The three additional wheels (VI, VII and VIII) were
used exclusively by the Kriegsmarine.
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| Wheel |
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ |
Notch |
Turnover |
# |
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| ETW |
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ |
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| I |
EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ |
Y |
Q |
1 |
| II |
AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE |
M |
E |
1 |
| III |
BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO |
D |
V |
1 |
| IV |
ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB |
R |
J |
1 |
| V |
VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK |
H |
Z |
1 |
| VI |
JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW |
HU |
ZM |
2 |
| VII |
NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT |
HU |
ZM |
2 |
| VIII |
FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV |
HU |
ZM |
2 |
| UKW-B |
YRUHQSLDPXNGOKMIEBFZCWVJAT |
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| UKW-C |
FVPJIAOYEDRZXWGCTKUQSBNMHL |
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